{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:50:56Z","timestamp":1775868656508,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["A&amp;amp;D Transl Res &amp;amp; Clin Interv"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Social determinants of health (SDOH), infections, and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) are interconnected through complex pathways. Existing research establishes associations between SDOH and infections, between SDOH and ADRD, and between infections and ADRD. However, few studies examine how these three domains interact simultaneously. We propose five conceptual models linking these three concepts, including mediations, confounding, and indirect effects through intermediary processes. Empirical testing of these complex relationships requires different analytical strategies and data structures, such as population\u2010based cohort studies with comprehensive data collection. We examine methodological considerations for population\u2010based research, particularly four approaches for capturing infection exposures. Self\u2010reported data are cost\u2010effective but have limitations of recall bias and lack of pathogen\u2010specific confirmation. Record linkage provides clinician\u2010confirmed diagnoses but misses mild infections and is depends on coding accuracy. Laboratory measures offer objective biomarkers but cannot always pinpoint timing and require resource\u2010intensive collection. Omics technologies enable systematic investigation of infection\u2013brain health links but still have limitations in technical complexity, costs, standardization, and representation of disadvantaged populations. Future work requires integrating diverse data sources and analytical approaches, addressing gaps in historical infection exposure measurement and life\u2010course SDOH assessment, and ensuring adequate representation of socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Social determinants of health (SDOH), infections, and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) interact through complex, multidirectional pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Five conceptual models are proposed to guide integrated SDOH\u2013infection\u2013ADRD research.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Four infection ascertainment approaches are compared: self\u2010report, linkage, labs, omics.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Infection measures vary in validity, timing, cost, and equity of access.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Integrating data sources improves infection measurement across the life course.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.70220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T08:30:23Z","timestamp":1770107423000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interconnected pathways: Social determinants of health, infections, and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3374-794X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juehyun","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine Ohio University  Athens Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lavinia","family":"Alberi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalizedx  Trieste Italy"},{"name":"The Alzheimer's Pathobiome Initiative (AlzPI) Wake Forest  North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graciela","family":"Muniz\u2010Terrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine Ohio University  Athens Ohio USA"},{"name":"The Alzheimer's Pathobiome Initiative (AlzPI) Wake Forest  North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Social determinants of health. 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