{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:37:05Z","timestamp":1791941825539,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["A&amp;amp;D Transl Res &amp;amp; Clin Interv"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are currently no approved medicines for vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed clinical trials across nine registries and included, summarized, and evaluated trials that had not yet published peer\u2010reviewed results by August 22, 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found 88 clinical trials using 62 drugs. Cardiovascular disease\u2010targeted therapies accounted for 37% (23 drugs). Synthetic and plant\u2010based cognitive function enhancers accounted for 21% (13 drugs) each. Drugs targeting neuropsychiatric symptoms comprised 10% of the pipeline (six agents), biological disease\u2010targeted therapies 5% (three agents), and other drugs 6% (four agents). There were 30 trials assessing 25 drugs in Phase 4, 24 trials assessing 21 drugs in Phase 3, 29 trials assessing 28 drugs in Phase 2, and five trials assessing four drugs in Phase 1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While small relative to Alzheimer's disease (138 drugs, 182 trials in 2025), the drug pipeline for VCID shows some promise and will require further investment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.70263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:09:13Z","timestamp":1778558953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia drug\u2010development pipeline 2025"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthy Brain Aging (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perminder S.","family":"Sachdev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthy Brain Aging (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Neuropsychiatric Institute the Prince of Wales Hospital  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7097-3666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Lennon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Healthy Brain Aging (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Neuropsychiatric Institute the Prince of Wales Hospital  Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Royal North Shore Hospital North Shore Local Health District  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2025.3242"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/str.0000000000000494"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"Alzheimer's Association.Realizing the national plan to address Alzheimer's disease.https:\/\/alzimpact.org\/Milestones\u20102025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health.Focus on vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and 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