{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T11:36:54Z","timestamp":1769168214157,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["UEG Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background\/Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this observational study, we explored the humoral and cellular immune response to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccination in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and patients with cholestatic autoimmune liver disease (primary sclerosing cholangitis [PSC] and primary biliary cholangitis [PBC]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antibody titers were determined using the DiaSorin LIAISON and Roche immunoassays in 103 AIH, 64 PSC, and 61 PBC patients and 95 healthy controls &gt;14\u00a0days after the second COVID\u201019 vaccination. The spike\u2010specific T\u2010cell response was assessed using an activation\u2010induced marker assay (AIM) in a subset of individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection was frequently detected in AIH but not in PBC\/PSC (10\/112 (9%), versus 4\/144 (2.7%), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.03). In the remaining patients, seroconversion was measurable in 97% of AIH and 99% of PBC\/PSC patients, respectively. However, in 13\/94 AIH patients antibody levels were lower than in any healthy control, which contributed to lower antibody levels of the total AIH cohort when compared to PBC\/PSC or controls (641 vs. 1020 vs. 1200 BAU\/ml, respectively). Notably, antibody levels were comparably low in AIH patients with (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a085) and without immunosuppression (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a09). Also, antibody titers significantly declined within 7\u00a0months after the second vaccination. In the AIM assay of 20 AIH patients, a spike\u2010specific T\u2010cell response was undetectable in 45% despite a positive serology, while 87% (13\/15) of the PBC\/PSC demonstrated a spike\u2010specific T\u2010cell response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with AIH show an increased SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection rate as well as an impaired B\u2010 and T\u2010cell response to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccine compared to PBC and PSC patients, even in the absence of immunosuppression. Thus, antibody responses to vaccination in AIH patients need to be monitored and early booster immunizations considered in low responders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T12:56:12Z","timestamp":1647348972000},"page":"319-329","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccination response in patients with autoimmune hepatitis and autoimmune cholestatic liver disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Duengelhoef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Immunology University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4037-9938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Hartl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE\u2010LIVER)  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3783-380X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darius","family":"R\u00fcther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE\u2010LIVER)  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silja","family":"Steinmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE\u2010LIVER)  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas T.","family":"Brehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Partner Site Hamburg\u2010L\u00fcbeck\u2010Borstel\u2010Riems German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan Philipp","family":"Weltzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE\u2010LIVER)  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Glaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE\u2010LIVER)  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. M.","family":"Schaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Partner Site Hamburg\u2010L\u00fcbeck\u2010Borstel\u2010Riems German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Sterneck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcial","family":"Sebode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE\u2010LIVER)  Hamburg 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