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Refractory GIA criteria usually include recurrent bleeding, transfusions and\/or repeat endoscopy.\u00a0Pharmacological and interventional treatments have been the subject of recent high\u2010quality publications. This review provides an overview of the latest updates on non\u2010endoscopic management of refractory GIA. Aortic valve replacement has shown its efficacy in Heyde syndrome and should be considered if indicated. Anti\u2010angiogenic drugs, such as Octreotide and Thalidomide, are efficient treatments of refractory GIA\u2010related bleeding. Somatostatin analogs should, based on efficacy and tolerance profile, be considered first. In the future, a better understanding of the physiopathology of GIA might help develop new\u2010targeted therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T06:55:11Z","timestamp":1725432911000},"page":"1128-1135","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Recent advances in the treatment of refractory gastrointestinal angiodysplasia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4637-9012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aymeric","family":"Becq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department Paris\u2010Est Cr\u00e9teil University Henri Mondor Hospital, AP HP  Cr\u00e9teil France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reena","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine School of Medicine and Population Health University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"},{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lia C. 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