{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:39:53Z","timestamp":1791830393095,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":332,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012355","name":"United European Gastroenterology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012355","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["UEG Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Abdominal distension is an objective visible sign of increased abdominal girth. Bloating is a feeling of abdominal fullness and discomfort. Bloating may be associated or not with abdominal distension. Bloating and abdominal distension are among the most commonly reported gastrointestinal symptoms and may be associated with both organic and functional disorders. Nevertheless, specific consensus and recommendations on diagnosis, underlying mechanisms, assessment and management of functional bloating and abdominal distension are still lacking. The aim of this European consensus, then, is to provide expert opinions and recommendations on the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of functional bloating and abdominal distension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multidisciplinary team of experts in the field, including European specialists and national societies, participated in the development of this consensus. Relevant questions were formulated and addressed through a literature review and statements were developed and voted using a Delphi process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Functional bloating and abdominal distension are common and frequently overlap with other disorders of gut\u2010brain interaction. Diagnosis is made according to the Rome IV criteria after the exclusion of organic disease, based on the physical examination and assessment of the patient's medical history and alarming signs. In the absence of alarming signs or any relevant finding, clinical laboratory, imaging or endoscopic tests are unnecessary. The pathophysiology of functional bloating and abdominal distension is multifactorial and involves visceral hypersensitivity, abdomino\u2010phrenic dyssynergia, intestinal dysmotility and dysbiosis. Treatment may include dietary modifications (e.g. lactose\u2010limiting diet and low FODMAP diet), probiotics, antispasmodics (e.g., otilonium bromide, peppermint oil), rifaximin, secretagogues (e.g., linaclotide), neuromodulators (e.g., serotonin\u2010norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, buspirone), and plethysmography\u2010based biofeedback. Moreover, cognitive behaviour therapy and hypnotherapy can be used in case of functional bloating associated with irritable bowel syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This consensus provides an evidence\u2010based framework for the evaluation and treatment of patients with functional bloating and abdominal distension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.70098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T16:05:19Z","timestamp":1755878719000},"page":"1613-1651","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["European Consensus on Functional Bloating and Abdominal Distension\u2014An ESNM\/UEG Recommendations for Clinical Management"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8146-1540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Melchior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology INSERM ADEN UMR1073 \u201cNutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota\u2010Gut\u2010Brain Axis\u201d CHU Rouen CIC\u2010CRB 1404 University Rouen Normandie  Rouen France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8683-4951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heinz","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Internal Medicine Medical University Graz  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serhat","family":"Bor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Department of Internal Medicine Ege University School of Medicine  Izmir Turkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5986-6592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurogastroenterology and Motility Unit Gastroenterology Department Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona University of Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indira Benjak","family":"Horvat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology General Hospital Vara\u017edin  Vara\u017edin Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Altay","family":"Celebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Department of Internal Medicine Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine  Kocaeli Turkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasile","family":"Drug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Endoscopy and Functional Measurements Unit \u201cGrigore T. 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