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Cerebral lamination patterns of normal fetal brain development have been described histologically, by postmortem <jats:italic>in\u2010vitro<\/jats:italic> magnetic resonance imaging (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>) and by <jats:italic>in\u2010vivo<\/jats:italic> fetal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sonographic appearance of laminar organization of the cerebral wall in normal and abnormal brain development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a retrospective study of ultrasound findings in 92 normal fetuses and 68 fetuses with abnormal cerebral lamination patterns for gestational age, at 17\u201338 weeks' gestation. We investigated the visibility of the subplate zone relative to the intermediate zone and correlated characteristic sonographic findings of cerebral lamination with gestational age in order to evaluate transient structures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the normal cohort, the subplate zone\u2013intermediate zone interface was identified as early as 17 weeks, and in all 57 fetuses examined up to 28 weeks. In all of these fetuses, the subplate zone appeared anechoic and the intermediate zone appeared homogeneously more echogenic than did the subplate zone. In the 22 fetuses between 28 and 34 weeks, there was a transition period when lamination disappeared in a variable fashion. The subplate zone\u2013intermediate zone interface was not identified in any fetus after 34 weeks (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200913). There were three patterns of abnormal cerebral lamination: (1) no normal laminar pattern before 28 weeks (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200932), in association with severe ventriculomegaly, diffuse ischemia, microcephaly, teratogen exposure or lissencephaly; (2) focal disruption of lamination before 28 weeks (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200924), associated with hemorrhage, porencephaly, stroke, migrational abnormalities, thanatophoric dysplasia, meningomyelocele or encephalocele; (3) increased prominence and echogenicity of the intermediate zone before 28 weeks and\/or persistence of a laminar pattern beyond 33 weeks (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910), associated with Type 1 lissencephaly or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CMV<\/jats:styled-content> infection. There was a mixed focal\/diffuse pattern in two fetuses. In <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CMV<\/jats:styled-content> infection, the earliest indication of the infection was focal heterogeneity and increased echogenicity of the intermediate zone, which predated the development of microcephaly, ventriculomegaly and intracranial calcification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The fetal subplate and intermediate zones can be demonstrated reliably on routine sonography before 28 weeks and disappear after 34 weeks. These findings represent normal gestational age\u2010dependent transient laminar patterns of cerebral development and are consistent with histological studies. Abnormal fetal cerebral lamination patterns for gestational age are also visible on sonography, and may indicate abnormal brain development. Copyright \u00a9 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.11164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,18]],"date-time":"2012-05-18T13:56:31Z","timestamp":1337349391000},"page":"642-651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Sonographic assessment of normal and abnormal patterns of fetal cerebral lamination"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Pugash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia \u2013 Radiology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Hendson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia \u2013 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. 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