{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:15:43Z","timestamp":1761513343626},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,2]],"date-time":"2014-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstet &amp; Gyne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify the range of waveform abnormalities in the ductus venosus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DV<\/jats:styled-content>) characterized by their timing in the cardiac cycle and to evaluate if they can be categorized into distinct patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DV<\/jats:styled-content> velocity ratios were calculated from peak velocities during ventricular systole (S), end\u2010systolic ventricular relaxation (v), early diastole (D) and atrial systole (a) (S\/v, S\/D, v\/D, S\/a, v\/a and D\/a ratios). The ratios were converted to their <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2010scores and elevation\u2009&gt;\u20092\u2009<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content> was assigned as abnormal. Combinations of ratio abnormalities were grouped to define distinct waveform patterns and their distribution was related to the clinical presentation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five\u2010hundred and forty\u2010two abnormal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DV<\/jats:styled-content> waveforms fell into three principal patterns. In Pattern 1 only the a\u2010wave\u2010related ratios were abnormal (180, 33.2%), in Pattern 2 the v\/D ratio was abnormal (143, 26.3%) and in Pattern 3 combinations of a\u2010wave abnormalities in the presence of a normal v\/D ratio were normal (94, 17.3%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interpretation of venous waveform patterns is complex because the multiphasic waveforms reflect events in the cardiac cycle that may be differentially affected by clinical pathology. We sought to present a classification for the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DV<\/jats:styled-content> flow profile that characterizes abnormal flow confined to atrial systole and occurs during ventricular relaxation or during holodiastole. Further research is warranted to determine the significance of these patterns in specific fetal conditions. Copyright \u00a9 2013 ISUOG. 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