{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:40:31Z","timestamp":1789044031268,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,3]],"date-time":"2014-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstet &amp; Gyne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>To assess the transvaginal ultrasonographic features of perineal masses in the lower urogenital tract in a cohort of 71 women<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Seventy\u2010one women with perineal masses were referred consecutively for transvaginal ultrasonography. Two\u2010dimensional (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">2D<\/jats:styled-content>) ultrasound was used to scan the pelvic floor, including the urethra, vagina and rectum, and identify any possible areas of interest. A static three\u2010dimensional (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">3D<\/jats:styled-content>) sonographic reconstruction of the pelvic anatomy was created to further delineate the relation of the lesions with their neighboring structures. Ultrasound results were compared retrospectively with surgical pathology outcome when possible<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Seventy\u2010nine cystic, cystic\u2010solid or solid masses were detected on transvaginal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">2D<\/jats:styled-content> ultrasonography in the 71 women: in 44 patients, 47 anechoic cystic masses were identified and diagnosed as vaginal wall cysts; in 19 patients, 23 hyperechoic cystic masses were diagnosed as vaginal epidermoid cysts; in each of two patients, a hypoechoic cystic\u2010solid mass showing blood\u2010flow signals on color Doppler imaging was diagnosed as urogenital angiomyofibroblastoma; in each of three patients, a hypoechoic cyst was diagnosed as urethral diverticulum; and in three patients with a known history of gynecological malignancy, solid heterogeneous masses with blood flow signals on color Doppler imaging were diagnosed as metastatic cancer. In all patients, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">3D<\/jats:styled-content> ultrasonography delineated the anatomical relationship of these masses to the vagina, urethra and rectum<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Transvaginal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">2D<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">3D<\/jats:styled-content> ultrasonography is an accurate, non\u2010invasive, cost\u2010effective diagnostic modality for the delineation of congenital, septic and neoplastic lower urogenital tract perineal masses in women. Copyright \u00a9 2013 ISUOG. 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