{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T08:51:11Z","timestamp":1781081471206,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,3]],"date-time":"2014-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstet &amp;amp; Gyne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To apply fetal midbrain (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content>) and hindbrain (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>) nomograms, developed using three\u2010dimensional multiplanar sonographic reconstruction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">3D\u2010MPR<\/jats:styled-content>) in the mid\u2010sagittal cranial plane, to fetuses with known posterior fossa malformations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this retrospective study we examined sonographic volumes obtained by sagittal acquisition in 43 fetuses diagnosed with posterior fossa abnormalities and evaluated in the mid\u2010sagittal cranial plane, using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">3D\u2010MPR<\/jats:styled-content>, the following: <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content> parameters tectal length (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TL<\/jats:styled-content>) and anteroposterior midbrain diameter (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APMD<\/jats:styled-content>), and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content> parameters anteroposterior pons diameter (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APPD<\/jats:styled-content>), superoinferior vermian diameter (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIVD<\/jats:styled-content>) and anteroposterior vermian diameter (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APVD<\/jats:styled-content>). Fetuses were grouped, according to malformation, into eight categories: cobblestone malformation complex (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CMC<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093), Chiari\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> malformation (C\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097), pontocerebellar hypoplasia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCH<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092), rhombencephalosynapsis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RES<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094), Dandy\u2013Walker malformation (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098), vermian dysgenesis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VD<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097), persistent Blake's pouch cyst (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096) and megacisterna magna (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096). In each case and for each subgroup, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB\u2010HB<\/jats:styled-content> biometric parameters and their <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2010scores were evaluated with reference to our new nomograms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The new <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB\u2010HB<\/jats:styled-content> nomograms were able to identify the brainstem and vermian anomalies and differentiate fetuses with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB\u2010HB<\/jats:styled-content> malformations from those with isolated enlarged posterior fossa cerebrospinal fluid spaces. Use of the nomograms enabled detection of an elongated tectum in fetuses with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CMC<\/jats:styled-content>, C\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RES<\/jats:styled-content>, and a flattened pontine belly in cases of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CMC<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCH<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VD<\/jats:styled-content>. In the fetuses with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VD<\/jats:styled-content>, the nomograms enabled division into three distinctive groups: (1) those with small <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIVD<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APVD<\/jats:styled-content>, (2) those with normal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIVD<\/jats:styled-content> but small <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APVD<\/jats:styled-content>, and (3) those with small <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIVD<\/jats:styled-content> but normal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APVD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Application of our new reference data, that for the first time include the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content>, enables accurate diagnosis of brain malformations affecting the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content> and makes possible novel characterization of previously described features of posterior fossa anomalies. Copyright \u00a9 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.13312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]],"date-time":"2014-01-29T14:34:54Z","timestamp":1391006094000},"page":"581-587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Assessment of fetal midbrain and hindbrain in mid\u2010sagittal cranial plane by three\u2010dimensional multiplanar sonography. Part 2: application of nomograms to fetuses with posterior fossa malformations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Z.","family":"Leibovitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Fetal Neurology and Prenatal Diagnosis, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Bnai Zion Medical Center  Haifa Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Shkolnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carmel Medical Center  Haifa Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Krajden","family":"Haratz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Fetal Neurology and Prenatal Diagnosis, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Malinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ob\u2010Gyn Ultrasound Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Bnai Zion Medical Center  Haifa Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Lerman\u2010Sagie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Fetal Neurology and Prenatal Diagnosis, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2012.00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2003.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09874"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0853-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-003-0891-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp247"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.1731"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.755508"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2501"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.13308"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2005.24.12.1697"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6369-6_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-7-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-007-0263-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq287"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws065"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","first-page":"471","article-title":"MR of aqueductal stenosis: evidence of a broad spectrum of tectal distortion","volume":"10","author":"Barkovich AJ","year":"1989","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010100454"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-0435-8.00029-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2777"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807299862"}],"container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; 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