{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T18:22:21Z","timestamp":1783707741278,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstet &amp; Gyne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the association between application of fundal pressure during the second stage of labor (Kristeller maneuver) and the risk of levator ani muscle (LAM) injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a prospective case\u2013control study of women recruited immediately after their first vaginal delivery in our university hospital between March 2014 and September 2016. Women who underwent the Kristeller maneuver were recruited as cases. For each case, a control (no Kristeller) was recruited matched for body mass index, use of epidural analgesia, duration of second stage of labor and birth weight. All women were invited to undergo four\u2010dimensional (4D) transperineal ultrasound (TPU) 3\u20136\u2009months postpartum. The main outcome measure was the presence of LAM avulsion on 4D\u2010TPU. TPU results were compared between cases and controls. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for LAM avulsion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the study period, 134 women in the Kristeller maneuver group and 128 women in the control group underwent TPU assessment. Women who underwent the Kristeller maneuver had a higher prevalence of LAM avulsion than did controls (38\/134 (28.4%) <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 18\/128 (14.1%); <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005). In addition, women in the Kristeller\u2010maneuver group had a larger hiatal area on maximum Valsalva maneuver and a greater increase in hiatal area from rest to maximum Valsalva. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, use of the Kristeller maneuver was the only independent factor associated with LAM avulsion (odds ratio, 2.5 (95% CI, 1.29\u20134.51)).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Kristeller maneuver is associated with an increased risk of LAM avulsion when applied in women during their first vaginal delivery. This should be taken into account when deciding to use fundal pressure to accelerate the second stage of labor and when counseling women following childbirth. Copyright \u00a9 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,11]],"date-time":"2018-05-11T02:54:11Z","timestamp":1526007251000},"page":"95-100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Fundal pressure in second stage of labor (Kristeller maneuver) is associated with increased risk of levator ani muscle avulsion"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9322-2184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Youssef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Sant'Orsola\u2010Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3650-5751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Salsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Sant'Orsola\u2010Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Cataneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Sant'Orsola\u2010Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Pacella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Sant'Orsola\u2010Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio\u2010Medico di Roma  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Azzarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Sant'Orsola\u2010Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Integrata di Verona  Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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