{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:48:51Z","timestamp":1791834531314,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstet &amp;amp; Gyne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These Guidelines aim to describe appropriate assessment of fetal biometry and diagnosis of fetal growth disorders. These disorders consist mainly of fetal growth restriction (FGR), also referred to as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and often associated with small\u2010for\u2010gestational age (SGA), and large\u2010for\u2010gestational age (LGA), which may lead to fetal macrosomia; both have been associated with a variety of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Screening for, and adequate management of, fetal growth abnormalities are essential components of antenatal care, and fetal ultrasound plays a key role in assessment of these conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The fetal biometric parameters measured most commonly are biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur diaphysis length (FL). These biometric measurements can be used to estimate fetal weight (EFW) using various  different formulae\n                      <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                      . It is important to differentiate between the concept of fetal size at a given timepoint and fetal growth, the latter being a dynamic process, the assessment of which requires at least two ultrasound scans separated in time. Maternal history and symptoms, amniotic fluid assessment and Doppler velocimetry can provide additional information that may be used to identify fetuses at risk of adverse pregnancy outcome.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Accurate estimation of gestational age is a prerequisite for determining whether fetal size is appropriate\u2010for\u2010gestational age (AGA). Except for pregnancies arising from assisted reproductive technology, the date of conception cannot be determined precisely. Clinically, most pregnancies are dated by the last menstrual period, though this may sometimes be uncertain or unreliable. Therefore, dating pregnancies by early ultrasound examination at 8\u201314 weeks, based on measurement of the fetal crown\u2013rump length (CRL), appears to be the most reliable method to establish gestational age. Once the CRL exceeds 84\u2009mm, HC should be used for pregnancy dating\n                      <jats:sup>2\u20134<\/jats:sup>\n                      . HC, with or without FL, can be used for estimation of gestational age from the mid\u2010trimester if a first\u2010trimester scan is not available and the menstrual history is unreliable. When the expected delivery date has been established by an accurate early scan, subsequent scans should not be used to recalculate the gestational age\n                      <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Serial scans can be used to determine if interval growth has been normal.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>In these Guidelines, we assume that the gestational age is known and has been determined as described above, the pregnancy is singleton and the fetal anatomy is normal. Details of the grades of recommendation used in these Guidelines are given in Appendix 1. Reporting of levels of evidence is not applicable to these Guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T11:22:46Z","timestamp":1559820166000},"page":"715-723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":625,"title":["ISUOG Practice Guidelines: ultrasound assessment of fetal biometry and growth"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"L.J.","family":"Salomon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine Hopital Necker\u2010Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique\u2010Hopitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes University  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Alfirevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Da Silva Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo  Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1522-160X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.L.","family":"Deter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4403-1274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Figueras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Clinic Obstetrics and Gynecology  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1823-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Ghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit University of Parma  Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Glanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2802-7670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal Medicine Unit St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"},{"name":"Vascular Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute St George's University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Pavilion for Women  Houston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Napolitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology and Oxford Maternal &amp; Perinatal Health Institute Green Templeton College, University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8143-2232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Papageorghiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal Medicine Unit St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Oxford, Women's Center, John Radcliffe Hospital  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Sotiriadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Aristotle University of Thessaloniki  Thessaloniki Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Stirnemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics University Paris Descartes, H\u00f4pital Necker Enfants Malades  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Toi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Mount Sinai Hospital  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Obstetric Ultrasound and Prenatal Diagnostic Unit KK Women's and Children's Hospital  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.8831"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12342"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12478"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61490-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15884"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2017.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13148"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90491-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)34956-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(00)00943-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1995.05040256.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12315"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"Papageorghiou A with input from Salomon L Ioannou C Sarris I and the INTERGROWTH\u201021st Anthropometry team. 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