{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T15:11:01Z","timestamp":1784041861764,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstet &amp;amp; Gyne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the clinical feasibility and validity of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\u2010based three\u2010dimensional (3D) reconstruction to locate, classify and quantify diaphragmatic defects in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective study included 46 cases of CDH which underwent a total of 69 fetal MRI scans (65 <jats:italic>in\u2010vivo<\/jats:italic> and four postmortem) at the Medical University of Vienna during the period 1 January 2002 to 1 January 2017. Scans were performed between 16 and 38 gestational weeks using steady\u2010state free precession, T2\u2010weighted and T1\u2010weighted sequences. MRI data were retrieved from the hospital database and manual segmentation of the diaphragm was performed with the open\u2010source software, ITK\u2010SNAP. The resulting 3D models of the fetal diaphragm and its defect(s) were validated by postmortem MRI segmentation and\/or comparison of 3D model\u2010based classification of the defect with a reference classification based on autopsy and\/or surgery reports. Surface areas of the intact diaphragm and of the defect were measured and used to calculate defect\u2013diaphragmatic ratios (DDR). The need for prosthetic patch repair and, in cases with repeated <jats:italic>in\u2010vivo<\/jats:italic> fetal MRI scans, diaphragm growth dynamics, were analyzed based on DDR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fetal MRI\u2010based manual segmentation of the diaphragm in CDH was feasible for all 65 (100%) of the <jats:italic>in\u2010vivo<\/jats:italic> fetal MRI scans. Based on the 3D diaphragmatic models, one bilateral and 45 unilateral defects (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200947) were further classified as posterolateral (23\/47, 48.9%), lateral (7\/47, 14.9%) or hemidiaphragmatic (17\/47, 36.2%) defects, and none (0%) was classified as anterolateral. This classification of defect location was correct in all 37 (100%) of the cases in which this information could be verified. Nineteen cases had a follow\u2010up fetal MRI scan; in five (26.3%) of these, the initial CDH classification was altered by the results of the second scan. Thirty\u2010three fetuses underwent postnatal diaphragmatic surgical repair; 20 fetuses (all of those with DDR \u2265\u200954 and 88% of those with DDR\u2009&gt;\u200930) received a diaphragmatic patch, while the other 13 underwent primary surgical repair. Individual DDRs at initial and at follow\u2010up <jats:italic>in\u2010vivo<\/jats:italic> fetal MRI correlated significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>MRI\u2010based 3D reconstruction of the fetal diaphragm in CDH has been validated to visualize, locate, classify and quantify the defect. Planning of postnatal surgery may be optimized by MRI\u2010based prediction of the necessity for patch placement and the ability to personalize patch design based on 3D\u2010printable templates. \u00a9 2019 Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T10:44:02Z","timestamp":1555325042000},"page":"816-826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Three\u2010dimensional reconstruction of defects in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a fetal MRI study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5607-8657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Prayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image\u2010guided Therapy Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Metzelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Krois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. C.","family":"Brugger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. M.","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image\u2010guided Therapy Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Scharrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Rokitansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Social Medical Centre East Danube Hospital  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Langs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image\u2010guided Therapy Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Prayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image\u2010guided Therapy Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Unger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3858-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Kasprian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image\u2010guided Therapy Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-306174"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.858691"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30201-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800580507"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5325.230"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2012.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2014.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10397-018-1041-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.10142"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4510"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1192022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2018.05.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.16000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-012-3113-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2350\/11-05-1041-OA.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.028365"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30128"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3040"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2043"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2013.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2014.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-018-4184-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.6141"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000123611"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14759"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1062"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000584"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2014.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1382262"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2017.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30133"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2013.08.014"}],"container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; 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