{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:44:42Z","timestamp":1790671482812,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003123","name":"Fetal Medicine Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003123","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstet &amp; Gyne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, to obtain measurement\u2010error models for biometric measurements of fetal abdominal circumference (AC), head circumference (HC) and femur length (FL), and, second, to examine the impact of biometric measurement error on sonographic estimated fetal weight (EFW) and its effect on the prediction of small\u2010 (SGA) and large\u2010 (LGA) for\u2010gestational\u2010age fetuses with EFW &lt;\u200910<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> and &gt;\u200990<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> percentile, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Measurement error standard deviations for fetal AC, HC and FL were obtained from a previous large study on fetal biometry utilizing a standardized measurement protocol and both qualitative and quantitative quality\u2010control monitoring. Typical combinations of AC, HC and FL that gave EFW on the 10<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> and 90<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> percentiles were determined. A Monte\u2010Carlo simulation study was carried out to examine the effect of measurement error on the classification of fetuses as having EFW above or below the 10<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> and 90<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> percentiles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Errors were assumed to follow a Gaussian distribution with a mean of 0\u2009mm and SDs, obtained from a previous well\u2010conducted study, of 6.93\u2009mm for AC, 5.15\u2009mm for HC and 1.38\u2009mm for FL. Assuming errors according to such distributions, when the 10<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> and 90<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> percentiles are used to screen for SGA and LGA fetuses, respectively, the detection rates would be 78.0% at false\u2010positive rates of 4.7%. If the cut\u2010offs were relaxed to the 30<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> and 70<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> percentiles, the detection rates would increase to 98.2%, but at false\u2010positive rates of 24.2%. Assuming half of the spread in the error distribution, using the 10<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> and 90<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> percentiles to screen for SGA and LGA fetuses, respectively, the detection rates would be 86.6% at false\u2010positive rates of 2.3%. If the cut\u2010offs were relaxed to the 15<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> and 85<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> percentiles, respectively, the detection rates would increase to 97.0% and the false\u2010positive rates would increase to 6.3%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Measurement error in fetal biometry causes substantial error in EFW, resulting in misclassification of SGA and LGA fetuses. The extent to which improvement can be achieved through effective quality assurance remains to be seen but, as a first step, it is important for practitioners to understand how biometric measurement error impacts the prediction of SGA and LGA fetuses. \u00a9 2019 The Authors. <jats:italic>Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology<\/jats:italic> published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.21909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T16:04:42Z","timestamp":1572883482000},"page":"170-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Impact of biometric measurement error on identification of small\u2010 and large\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age fetuses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Research University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Research University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultrasound Clinic Bovenmaas  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. H.","family":"Nicolaides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine King's College Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199904223401603"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2003.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.02.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000388"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.01.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00131-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20258"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14915"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2007.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20279"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.13268"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61904-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000938.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20377"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90298-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19066"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20391"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19073"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1994.04010034.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.18811"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","volume-title":"Statistical Evaluation of Measurement Errors: Design and Analysis of Reliability Studies","author":"Dunn G.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.6282"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4250"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5181"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.15.08032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2016.1187125"}],"container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/uog.21909","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/uog.21909","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/uog.21909","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T09:42:56Z","timestamp":1694166176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/uog.21909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/uog.21909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/uog.21909","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-7692","1469-0705"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-7692","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-0705","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-09-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-10-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}