{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:36:44Z","timestamp":1792813004030,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstet &amp; Gyne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To characterize spatiotemporal growth differences of prenatal brainstem substructures and cerebellum, using linear biometry and planimetry on fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this retrospective study, we included fetuses with normal brain and a precise midsagittal T2\u2010weighted brain MRI sequence obtained between May 2003 and April 2019. The cross\u2010sectional area, rostrocaudal diameter and anteroposterior diameter of the midbrain, pons (basis pontis and pontine tegmentum), medulla oblongata and cerebellar vermis, as well as the transverse cerebellar diameter, were quantified by a single observer. The diameters were also assessed by a second observer to test inter\u2010rater variability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 161 fetuses with normal brain and a precise midsagittal MRI sequence, examined at a mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD gestational age of 25.7\u2009\u00b1\u20095.4 (range, 14\u2009+\u20090 to 39\u2009+\u20092)\u2009weeks. All substructures of the fetal brainstem and the cerebellum could be measured consistently (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.933\u2009\u00b1\u20090.065). We provide reference data for diameters and areas of the brainstem and cerebellum in the second and third trimesters. There was a significant quadratic relationship between vermian area and gestational age, and all other measured parameters showed a significant linear growth pattern within the observed period (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). A significant change in the relative proportions of the brainstem substructures occurred between the beginning of the second trimester and the end of the third trimester, with an increase in the area of the pons (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and a decrease in that of the midbrain (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), relative to the total brainstem area.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The substructures of the fetal brainstem follow a distinct spatiotemporal growth pattern, characterized by a relative increase in the pons and decrease in the midbrain, between 15 and 40\u2009weeks of gestation. Caution is needed when interpreting fetal brainstem appearance during the early second trimester, as the brainstem proportions differ significantly from the adult morphology. The reference data provided herein should help to increase diagnostic accuracy in detecting disorders of defective hindbrain segmentation. \u00a9 2020 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T04:01:36Z","timestamp":1596168096000},"page":"254-263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Normal human brainstem development <i>in vivo<\/i>: a\u00a0quantitative fetal <scp>MRI<\/scp> study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0852-3466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. O.","family":"Dovjak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image\u2010Guided Therapy Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Schmidbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image\u2010Guided Therapy Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. C.","family":"Brugger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. M.","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences  Krems Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8459-910X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Diogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image\u2010Guided Therapy Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Glatter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image\u2010Guided Therapy Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image\u2010Guided Therapy Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Ulm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Feto\u2010Maternal Medicine Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Prayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image\u2010Guided Therapy Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3858-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. 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