{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T06:56:12Z","timestamp":1793775372206,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstet &amp; Gyne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Induction of labor (IOL) is one of the most widely used obstetric interventions. However, one\u2010fifth of IOLs result in Cesarean section (CS). We aimed to assess maternal and fetal characteristics that influence the likelihood of CS following IOL, according to the indication for CS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a secondary analysis of pooled data from four randomized controlled trials, including women undergoing IOL at term who had a singleton pregnancy and an unfavorable cervix, intact membranes and the fetus in cephalic presentation. The main outcomes of this analysis were CS for failure to progress (FTP) and CS for suspected fetal compromise (SFC). Restricted cubic splines were used to determine whether continuous maternal and fetal characteristics had a non\u2010linear relationship with outcome. Optimal cut\u2010offs for those characteristics with a non\u2010linear pattern were determined based on the maximum area under the receiver\u2010operating\u2010characteristics curve. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were computed, using multivariable logistic regression analysis, for the associations between optimally categorized characteristics and outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of a total of 2990 women undergoing IOL, 313 (10.5%) had CS for FTP and 227 (7.6%) had CS for SFC. The risk of CS for FTP was increased in women aged 31\u201335\u2009years compared with younger women (aOR, 1.51 (95%\u2009CI, 1.15\u20131.99)), in nulliparous compared with parous women (aOR, 8.07 (95%\u2009CI, 5.34\u201312.18)) and in Sub\u2010Saharan African compared with Caucasian women (aOR, 2.09 (95%\u2009CI, 1.33\u20133.28)). Higher body mass index (BMI) increased incrementally the risk of CS for FTP (aOR, 1.06 (95%\u2009CI, 1.04\u20131.08)). High birth\u2010weight percentile was also associated with an increased risk of CS due to FTP (aOR, 2.66 (95%\u2009CI, 1.74\u20134.07) for birth weight between the 80.0<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> and 89.9<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> percentiles and aOR, 4.08 (95%\u2009CI, 2.75\u20136.05) for birth weight \u2265\u200990<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> percentile, as compared with birth weight between the 20.0<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> and 49.9<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> percentiles). For CS due to SFC, higher maternal age (aOR, 1.09 (95%\u2009CI, 1.05\u20131.12)) and BMI (aOR, 1.05 (95%\u2009CI, 1.03\u20131.08)) were associated with an incremental increase in risk. The risk of CS for SFC was increased in nulliparous compared with parous women (aOR, 5.91 (95%\u2009CI, 3.76\u20139.28)) and in South Asian compared with Caucasian women (aOR, 2.50 (95%\u2009CI, 1.23\u20135.10)). Birth weight &lt;\u200910.0<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> percentile  increased significantly the risk of CS due to SFC (aOR, 1.93 (95%\u2009CI, 1.22\u20133.05)), as compared with birth weight between the 20.0<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> and 49.9<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> percentiles. Bishop score did not demonstrate a significant association with the risk of CS for FTP or for SFC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In women undergoing IOL, maternal age, BMI, parity, ethnicity and birth\u2010weight percentile are predictors of CS due to FTP and of CS due to SFC, but the  direction and magnitude of the associations differ according to the indication for CS. These characteristics should be considered in combination with the Bishop score to stratify the risk of CS for different indications in women undergoing IOL. \u00a9 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.24764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T01:18:45Z","timestamp":1630977525000},"page":"83-92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Maternal and fetal characteristics for predicting risk of Cesarean section following induction of labor: pooled analysis of <scp>PROBAAT<\/scp> trials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2638-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Quach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University  Clayton Australia"},{"name":"Monash Women's, Monash Health  Clayton Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"ten Eikelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology Leiden University Medical Centre  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Jozwiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecologic Oncology Erasmus Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1918-5538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Davies\u2010Tuck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ritchie Centre Hudson Institute of Medical Research  Clayton Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. W. M.","family":"Bloemenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8337-550X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. W.","family":"Mol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University  Clayton Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8980-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University  Clayton Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Australia's mothers and babies 2018\u2014in brief","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2232-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"266","article-title":"Pelvic Scoring for Elective Induction","volume":"24","author":"Bishop EH","year":"1964","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02279.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61484-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Foley catheter versus vaginal misoprostol: randomized controlled trial (PROBAAT\u2010M study) and systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of literature","volume":"31","author":"Jozwiak M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00084-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70340-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12489"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23563"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"CD001233","article-title":"Mechanical methods for induction of labour","volume":"10","author":"Vaan MD","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2009.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000437385.88715.4a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20850"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186287"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12830"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.703718"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.00991.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2004.00557.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003696"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.603"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1608847"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050600847809"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003405"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.25582"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.04.060"}],"container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; 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