{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T03:29:14Z","timestamp":1775791754253,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstet &amp;amp; Gyne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to explore fetal cortical brain development by neurosonography in fetuses conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART), including frozen and fresh embryo transfer (ET), compared with those conceived spontaneously (SC), and to investigate its association with infant neurobehavior at 12\u2009months of age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a prospective cohort study of 210 singleton pregnancies, including 70 SC pregnancies, 70 conceived by <jats:italic>in\u2010vitro<\/jats:italic> fertilization (IVF) following frozen ET and 70 conceived by IVF after fresh ET. Fetal neurosonography was performed at 32\u2009\u00b1\u20092\u2009gestational weeks to assess cortical development. Sulci depths were measured offline and normalized by biparietal diameter (BPD). Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) were completed postnatally, at 12\u2009\u00b1\u20091\u2009months of corrected age. Neurosonographic findings were adjusted by regression analysis for maternal age, ethnicity, parity, fetal sex and fetal\u2010weight centile and gestational age at scan, and ASQ scores were adjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, parity, educational level and employment status, gestational age at birth, breastfeeding, infant sex and infant age at the ASQ evaluation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, in comparison to the SC fetuses, fetuses conceived by ART showed statistically significant differences in cortical development, with reduced parieto\u2010occipital sulci depth adjusted for BPD (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD: fresh ET, 12.5\u2009\u00b1\u20092.5 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> frozen ET, 13.4\u2009\u00b1\u20092.6 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> SC, 13.4\u2009\u00b1\u20092.6, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), cingulate sulci depth adjusted for BPD (median (interquartile range (IQR)): fresh ET, 5.8 (4.2\u20137.4) <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> frozen ET, 5.8 (4.1\u20137.5) <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> SC, 6.5 (4.8\u20137.8), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) and calcarine sulci depth adjusted for BPD (median (IQR): fresh ET, 13.5 (10.1\u201316.1) <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> frozen ET, 14.5 (12.1\u201315.8) <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> SC, 16.4 (14.3\u201317.9), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), together with lower Sylvian fissure grading score. Changes in cortical development were more pronounced in the fresh ET than in the frozen ET group. ART infants showed lower ASQ scores as compared to SC infants, particularly in the fresh ET group (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD global ASQ <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2010score: fresh ET, \u20130.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> frozen ET, \u20130.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> SC, 0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fetuses conceived by ART show a distinctive pattern of cortical development and suboptimal infant neurodevelopment, with more pronounced changes in those conceived following fresh ET. These findings support the existence of <jats:italic>in\u2010utero<\/jats:italic> brain reorganization associated with ART and warrant follow\u2010up studies to assess its long\u2010term persistence. \u00a9 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.24920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T19:43:46Z","timestamp":1650915826000},"page":"646-656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Fetal neurosonography and infant neurobehavior following conception by assisted reproductive technology with fresh or frozen embryo transfer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4570-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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