{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:04:40Z","timestamp":1788307480287,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstet &amp;amp; Gyne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pre\u2010eclampsia is a hypertensive complication of pregnancy that is associated with an increased risk of long\u2010term cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. Although the underlying mechanism of persistent susceptibility to cerebral complications after pre\u2010eclampsia remains largely unclear, impaired blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) integrity has been suggested to precede several cerebrovascular diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the integrity of the BBB years after pre\u2010eclampsia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was an observational study of premenopausal formerly pre\u2010eclamptic women and controls with a history of normotensive pregnancy who underwent cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at ultra\u2010high field (7\u00a0Tesla) to assess the integrity of the BBB. Permeability of the BBB was determined by assessing leakage rate and fractional leakage volume of the contrast agent gadobutrol using dynamic contrast\u2010enhanced MRI. BBB leakage measures were determined for the whole brain and lobar white and gray matter. Multivariable analyses were performed, and odds ratios were calculated to compare women with and those without a history of pre\u2010eclampsia, adjusting for potential confounding effects of age, hypertension status at MRI and Fazekas score.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010two formerly pre\u2010eclamptic women (mean age, 37.8\u2009\u00b1\u20095.4\u2009years) and 13 control women with a history of normotensive pregnancy (mean age, 40.8\u2009\u00b1\u20095.5\u2009years) were included in the study. The time since the index pregnancy was 6.6\u2009\u00b1\u20093.2\u2009years in the pre\u2010eclamptic group and 9.0\u2009\u00b1\u20093.7\u2009years in controls. The leakage rate and fractional leakage volume were significantly higher in formerly pre\u2010eclamptic women than in controls in the global white (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) and gray (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02) matter. Regionally, the frontal (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04) and parietal (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009) cortical gray matter, and the frontal (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), temporal (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and occipital (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007) white matter showed higher leakage rates in formerly pre\u2010eclamptic women. The odds of a high leakage rate after pre\u2010eclampsia were generally higher in white\u2010matter regions than in gray\u2010matter regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This observational study demonstrates global impairment of the BBB years after a pre\u2010eclamptic pregnancy, which could be an early marker of long\u2010term cerebrovascular disorders. \u00a9 2022 The Authors. <jats:italic>Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology<\/jats:italic> published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.24930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T05:36:26Z","timestamp":1651556186000},"page":"541-548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Blood\u2013brain barrier leakage years after pre\u2010eclampsia: dynamic contrast\u2010enhanced <scp>7\u2010Tesla MRI<\/scp> study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4880-2670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. P. W.","family":"Canjels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology &amp; Nuclear Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"MHeNs, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. F. A.","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology &amp; Nuclear Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"MHeNs, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. J.","family":"Alers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Ghossein\u2010Doha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"CARIM, School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+)  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"van den Kerkhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology &amp; Nuclear Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"MHeNs, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1873-0821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V. M. M. M.","family":"Schiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2689-8528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. C.","family":"Gerretsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology &amp; Nuclear Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. P.","family":"Aldenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MHeNs, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven The Netherlands"},{"name":"Academic Center for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe\/ Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+)  Heeze and Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+)  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. P. 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