{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:08:00Z","timestamp":1787836080408,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstet &amp;amp; Gyne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the ability of three fetal growth charts (Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF), Hadlock and National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) race\/ethnicity\u2010specific) to predict large\u2010for\u2010gestational age (LGA) at birth in pregnant individuals with pregestational diabetes, and to determine whether inclusion of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level improves the predictive performance of the growth charts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was a retrospective analysis of individuals with Type\u20101 or Type\u20102 diabetes with a singleton pregnancy that resulted in a non\u2010anomalous live birth. Fetal biometry was performed between 28\u2009+\u20090 and 36\u2009+\u20096\u2009weeks of gestation. The primary exposure was suspected LGA, defined as estimated fetal weight \u2265\u200990\n                      <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                      percentile using the Hadlock (Formula C), FMF and NICHD growth charts. The primary outcome was LGA at birth, defined as birth weight \u2265\u200990\n                      <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                      percentile, using 2017 USA natality reference data. The performance of the three growth charts to predict LGA at birth, alone and in combination with HbA1c as a continuous measure, was assessed using the area under the receiver\u2010operating\u2010characteristics curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 358 assessed pregnant individuals with pregestational diabetes (34% with Type 1 and 66% with Type 2), 147 (41%) had a LGA infant at birth. Suspected LGA was identified in 123 (34.4%) by the Hadlock, 152 (42.5%) by the FMF and 152 (42.5%) by the NICHD growth chart. The FMF growth chart had the highest sensitivity (77%\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      69% (NICHD)\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      63% (Hadlock)) and the Hadlock growth chart had the highest specificity (86%\n                      <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      76% (NICHD) and 82% (FMF)) for predicting LGA at birth. The FMF growth chart had a significantly higher AUC (0.79 (95%\u2009CI, 0.74\u20130.84)) for LGA at birth compared with the NICHD (AUC, 0.72 (95%\u2009CI, 0.68\u20130.77);\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and Hadlock (AUC, 0.75 (95%\u2009CI, 0.70\u20130.79);\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) growth charts. Prediction of LGA improved for all three growth charts with the inclusion of HbA1c measurement in comparison to each growth chart alone (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for all); the FMF growth chart remained more predictive of LGA at birth (AUC, 0.85 (95%\u2009CI, 0.81\u20130.90)) compared with the NICHD (AUC, 0.79 (95%\u2009CI, 0.73\u20130.84)) and Hadlock (AUC, 0.81 (95%\u2009CI, 0.76\u20130.86)) growth charts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The FMF fetal growth chart had the best predictive performance for LGA at birth in comparison with the Hadlock and NICHD race\/ethnicity\u2010specific growth charts in pregnant individuals with pregestational diabetes. Inclusion of HbA1c improved further the prediction of LGA for all three charts. \u00a9 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.26071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T15:08:53Z","timestamp":1663081733000},"page":"751-758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prediction of large\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age infant by fetal growth charts and hemoglobin A1c level in pregnancy complicated by pregestational diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"M. K.","family":"Kiefer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal\u2013Fetal Medicine The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. M.","family":"Finneran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal\u2013Fetal Medicine Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. A.","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal\u2013Fetal Medicine The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Foy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal\u2013Fetal Medicine The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. F.","family":"Thung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal\u2013Fetal Medicine The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. G.","family":"Gabbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal\u2013Fetal Medicine The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. B.","family":"Landon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal\u2013Fetal Medicine The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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