{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T12:10:22Z","timestamp":1785499822850,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007632","name":"Changhua Christian Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108\u2010CCH\u2010IRP\u2010131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108\u2010CCH\u2010IRP\u2010131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstet &amp;amp; Gyne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) is the pathological accumulation of fluids in fetal compartments, without maternal isoimmunization. Fetal interventions (e.g. shunting, fetal paracentesis, fetal thoracocentesis, fetal pleurodesis) are used to alleviate fluid accumulations, but the outcome is uncertain because the underlying causes of NIHF vary. We aimed to explore the etiology and long\u2010term outcome of NIHF after fetal intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a retrospective review of fetuses with NIHF, defined by the presence of fetal ascites, pleural or pericardial effusion, skin edema or cystic hygroma, or a combination of these features, who underwent intervention at our institution during the period 2012\u20132021. Clinical surveillance, genetic analysis and viral infection screening were used to define the etiology. Chart reviews and telephone interviews were conducted to assess the long\u2010term outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 55 fetuses were enrolled and 46 cases had final follow\u2010up data after delivery. Etiology was identified in 33 cases, including four for which the underlying causes were not identified initially using small\u2010gene\u2010panel tests but which were later diagnosed with monogenic disorders by whole\u2010exome sequencing (WES). Twenty\u2010three cases with follow\u2010up survived, having a follow\u2010up period of 2\u201311\u2009years at the time of writing, of which 17 were healthy. All 11 cases initially presenting as congenital chylothorax survived with favorable outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The etiologies of NIHF are heterogeneous, and the long\u2010term (spanning 2\u201311\u2009years) outcome of fetal intervention varies, according to the underlying etiology, with cases caused by congenital chylothorax having the best prognosis. Genome\u2010wide tests, such as WES, may be helpful in determining the underlying condition in cases caused by a genetic disorder, and this may affect fetal therapy approaches in the future. \u00a9 2023 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.27501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T08:38:28Z","timestamp":1695890308000},"page":"536-543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Outcome and etiology of fetal pleural effusion, fetal ascites and hydrops fetalis after fetal intervention: retrospective observational cohort from a single institution"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"W.\u2010J.","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine and Center for Medical Genetics Changhua Christian Hospital  Changhua 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