{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:23:48Z","timestamp":1790987028464,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstet &amp; Gyne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Placental insufficiency contributes to many obstetric pathologies, but there is no bedside clinical tool to evaluate placental perfusion. We have developed a method to acquire multiple three\u2010dimensional (3D) power Doppler (PD) ultrasound (US) volumes of placental vasculature, with infrared camera tracking of the precise spatial location of the transducer providing global coordinates. These volumes are reconstructed automatically (\u2018stitched\u2019) into a model of the entire placenta. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of automated reconstruction in an US phantom and to assess the feasibility of this technique in second\u2010to\u2010third\u2010trimester human placentae.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A custom\u2010designed acrylic phantom was constructed with dimensions mimicking a third\u2010trimester placenta, containing 12 rectangular cuboid towers of various heights submersed in tissue\u2010mimicking solution. Multiple overlapping 3D\u2010US volumes of this phantom were acquired using three different insonation angles and infrared camera tracking. Data were transformed into a 3D cartesian volume and stitched automatically into six 3D\u2010US volumes, each covering the entire phantom, for each of the three different insonation angles. Reconstruction accuracy was evaluated by calculating local distance error (assessment of towers in overlapping US volumes to determine accuracy of stitching) and global distance error (subtraction of true measurements in phantom model from corresponding measurements in stitched 3D\u2010US volumes). A single\u2010center, cross\u2010sectional feasibility study was then conducted in women with an uncomplicated second\u2010to\u2010third\u2010trimester singleton pregnancy, with data obtained using standardized  ultrasound settings. Multiple 3D PD\u2010US and grayscale volumes of the placentae were acquired with infrared camera\u2010tracked coordinates. Volumes were stitched to create a model of placental vasculature, and these were assessed for quality and repeatability of volume measurement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six entire phantom datasets were reconstructed at each of three insonation angles, giving a total of 18 extended phanom datasets. A median of nine 3D\u2010US volumes required to reconstruct the entire phantom. Twelve towers per volume were assessed on three separate occasions, generating 648 datapoints. Of these datapoints, 67.1% were perfectly aligned. The mean local distance error was 2.92\u00a0(range, 0\u201325.51)\u2009mm. Measurements between towers of 120 distances in each stitched 3D\u2010US volume (2160 distances in total) differed by an average of 1.51 (range, \u22124.78 to 4.23)\u2009mm from the true measurements in the phantom model. In the feasibility study, 17 participants were scanned, and 49 3D\u2010US volume datasets acquired, with 92% reconstruction success per placental volume set and at least one complete volume being obtained per participant (100% participant achievability). The median volume acquisition and reconstruction time was 10\u2009min. Reconstructed placental vasculature was assessed qualitatively to be present, continuous and detailed throughout. Volume measurement of entire segmented placentae was highly repeatable (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.96 (95%\u2009CI, 0.89\u20130.99)).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We present an automated method to model the entire structure and vasculature of second\u2010to\u2010third\u2010trimester placentae using multiple 3D PD\u2010US volumes, with verified accuracy and clinical feasibility. This study builds a foundation on which to develop a practical screening tool for detecting placental insufficiency and has the potential for expansion to evaluation of adult organ perfusion. \u00a9 2024 The Author(s). <jats:italic>Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology<\/jats:italic> published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.27708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T14:10:16Z","timestamp":1716559816000},"page":"624-632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Automated multivolume placental reconstruction using three\u2010dimensional power Doppler ultrasound and infrared camera tracking"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9494-5733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health University of New South Wales  Randwick NSW Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Women's Health University of New South Wales Medicine &amp; Health  Randwick NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Hanly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health University of New South Wales  Randwick NSW Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Women's Health University of New South Wales Medicine &amp; Health  Randwick NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Luichareonkit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering University of New South Wales  Randwick NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9453-1790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Women's Health University of New South Wales Medicine &amp; Health  Randwick NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-8074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering University of New South Wales  Randwick NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7389-0513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. W.","family":"Welsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Women's Health University of New South Wales Medicine &amp; Health  Randwick NSW Australia"},{"name":"Department of Maternal\u2013Fetal Medicine Royal Hospital for Women  Randwick NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.055236"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-5629(90)90167-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/679730"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"ASUM Standards of Practice.ISUOG Practice Guidelines: diagnosis and management of small\u2010for\u2010gestational\u2010age fetus and fetal growth restriction.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019190248"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178675"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.12.018"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"765","article-title":"Assessment of placental vascularization by three\u2010dimensional power Doppler \u201cvascular biopsy\u201d in normal pregnancies","volume":"46","author":"Merc\u00e9 LT","year":"2005","journal-title":"Croat Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.11076"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16461-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2008.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2004.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6027029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"501","article-title":"Optical tracking systems for 3D free\u2010hand ultrasound","author":"Szab\u00f3 Z","year":"2005","journal-title":"Czech Sci Foundation (CSF)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"628","volume-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer\u2010Assisted Intervention","author":"Zimmer VA","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2004.825614"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","volume-title":"Three\u2010dimensional medical ultrasound acquisition and data registration and fusion","author":"Porter BC","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"327","volume-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer\u2010Assisted Intervention","author":"Wachinger C","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2016.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.055277"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2003.819279"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11152\/mu-2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10929080309146045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(03)00967-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","unstructured":"ZimmerVA GomezA SkeltonE et al.Placenta segmentation in ultrasound imaging: addressing sources of uncertainty and limited field\u2010of\u2010view.arXiv preprint arXiv:2206147462022."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/797\/1\/012002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","volume-title":"The Physics and Technology of Diagnostic Ultrasound: a practitioner's guide","author":"Gill R","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.03.011"}],"container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; 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