{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:03:32Z","timestamp":1791813812205,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD 086313\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD 086313\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstet &amp; Gyne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To use superb microvascular imaging (SMI) to longitudinally evaluate blood flow in intravillous arterioles (IVA) in pregnancy, and to develop reference ranges for IVA pulsatility index (PI) and peak systolic velocity (PSV) from 12 to 38\u2009weeks' gestation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The data for this study were obtained from the National Institutes of Health\u2010funded Human Placenta Project. Eligible for inclusion were women aged 18\u201335\u2009years, with a body mass index of &lt;\u200930\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , without comorbidities, with a singleton pregnancy conceived spontaneously and a gestational age of \u2264\u200913\u2009+\u20096\u2009weeks. Exclusion criteria were maternal or neonatal complications, fetal or umbilical cord anomalies, abnormal placental implantation and delivery &lt;\u200937\u2009weeks. Each participant underwent eight ultrasound examinations during pregnancy. Using SMI technology, the total number of IVA identified was recorded in a sagittal placental section at the level of cord insertion. The PI and PSV were measured in a total of six IVA (two in the central portion of the placenta, two peripherally towards the uterine fundal portion and two peripherally towards the lower uterine segment). Umbilical artery (UA)\u2010PI was also obtained. Multilevel regression models were used to create reference ranges for IVA\u2010PI and IVA\u2010PSV at 12\u201338 weeks' gestation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 90 women fulfilled the study criteria. IVA\u2010PI decreased throughout pregnancy from a mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD of 1.04\u2009\u00b1\u20090.23 in the first trimester (at 12\u201313\u2009weeks) to 0.75\u2009\u00b1\u20090.10 in the late third trimester (at 36\u201337\u2009weeks). Mean IVA\u2010PSV increased from 5.97\u2009\u00b1\u20091.47\u2009cm\/s at 12\u201313\u2009weeks to 12.65\u2009\u00b1\u20094.19\u2009cm\/s at 28\u201329\u2009weeks, and then plateaued throughout the third trimester, to 13.09\u2009\u00b1\u20094.64\u2009cm\/s at 36\u201337\u2009weeks. UA\u2010PI decreased progressively throughout pregnancy, from 1.49\u2009\u00b1\u20090.22 at 16\u201317\u2009weeks to 0.89\u2009\u00b1\u20090.18 at 36\u201337\u2009weeks. Reference ranges for IVA\u2010PI and IVA\u2010PSV from 12 to 38\u2009weeks' gestation were developed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Placental IVA blood flow can be visualized and quantified from early gestation in normal pregnancies using SMI. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Ultrasound in Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.29308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T08:28:36Z","timestamp":1753777716000},"page":"331-336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Longitudinal assessment of intravillous arterioles in normal pregnancy using superb microvascular imaging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2752-4061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Horgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Macon &amp; Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences Old Dominion University  Norfolk VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Sinkovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Macon &amp; Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences Old Dominion University  Norfolk VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Saade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Macon &amp; Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences Old Dominion University  Norfolk VA USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal\u2013Fetal Medicine University of Texas Medical Branch  Galveston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0658-138X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Kalafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine Koc University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Heeze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Macon &amp; Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences Old Dominion University  Norfolk VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Abuhamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Macon &amp; Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences Old Dominion University  Norfolk VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4199\/C00016ED1V01Y201008ISP009","volume-title":"Vascular Biology of the Placenta","author":"Wang Y","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.06.303"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.173252"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:19:1:103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.107607"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2001.0732"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14919"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2016.1278206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16159"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2017.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"Initial experience with a novel microvascular flow imaging technique. 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