{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:50:36Z","timestamp":1770835836834,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]],"date-time":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound in Obstet &amp;amp; Gyne"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the feasibility of using enhanced\u2010flow (e\u2010flow) imaging technology to identify fetal pulmonary veins and establish gestational age\u2010specific reference values at 12\u201340 weeks' gestation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pulmonary venous internal diameter, peak systolic and diastolic flow velocities and visualization rate were analyzed in 332 normal fetuses at 12\u201340 weeks of gestation. Two\u2010dimensional gray\u2010scale (2D) ultrasound, color Doppler and e\u2010flow imaging were used to detect the pulmonary veins in the four\u2010chamber view by taking the lung as the penetration window.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pulmonary veins could be visualized as early as 12 weeks' gestational age by e\u2010flow imaging. The right and left pulmonary venous internal diameters and peak systolic and diastolic flow velocities increased with increasing gestational age. Between 12 and 40 gestational weeks, the internal diameter and both the systolic and diastolic flow velocities of the fetal right pulmonary vein were significantly larger than were those of the left vein (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Of 118 fetuses at 12\u201322 gestational weeks, the visualization rate of the four pulmonary veins (left superior and inferior, right superior and inferior) was 5.9% (7\/118) by 2D ultrasound, 41.5% (49\/118) by color Doppler and 61.9% (73\/118) by e\u2010flow imaging. The visualization rate by e\u2010flow imaging was significantly higher than that using the other two techniques (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>e\u2010flow imaging is apparently a feasible and promising technology with which to identify the fetal pulmonary veins in the early stages of the second trimester. Copyright \u00a9 2011 ISUOG. 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