{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T12:04:44Z","timestamp":1776081884204,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Investigation of the MRI characteristics of the palatine tonsil in brachycephalic dogs in 3T high\u2010field system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty\u2010five brachycephalic dogs and 37 normocephalic dogs were divided into five groups: group 1 French bulldogs (FBs) with neurological clinical signs (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 37), group 2 FBs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 22), group 3 pugs with neurological clinical signs (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 17), group 4 pugs with BOAS (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 9) and group 5 normocephalic dogs (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 37). Cross\u2010sectional area and volume measurements were performed, and tonsillar margination and contour, shape, signal intensity and homogeneity\/heterogeneity of the palatine tonsils were evaluated and compared.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional area and volume measurements of the tonsils showed no significant differences between brachycephalic and normocephalic dogs with the exception of the dogs of group 2 (FB BOAS), which showed relatively high volume and large cross\u2010sectional area in comparison to other groups. In 87% of the brachycephalic animals, the tonsils were well defined. A smooth contour was detectable in 91.8% and a rounded shape in 94.7% of brachycephalic dogs. Signal intensity was assessed as hyperintense in relation to the musculature and iso\u2010 to hyperintense to the soft palate. Heterogeneous appearance was described in 86.9% of the brachycephalic animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MRI characteristics of the tonsils of brachycephalic dogs do not differ considerably from those of normocephalic dogs. In FBs with distinct clinical signs of obstructive airway syndrome, increase in cross\u2010sectional area and volume of the tonsils was detected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.1077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T22:24:20Z","timestamp":1636410260000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["3T MRI characteristics of the palatine tonsil in brachycephalic dogs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"190","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5104-3156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine University of Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Fromme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine University of Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine University of Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy University of Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Weidauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine University of Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingmar","family":"Kiefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine University of Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"472","article-title":"The tonsils revisited: review of the anatomical localization and histological characteristics of the tonsils of domestic and laboratory animals","volume":"2011","author":"Castelyn C","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Miller's anatomy of the dog","author":"Evans HE","year":"2013"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"1599","article-title":"Evaluation and management of tonsillitis and pharyngitis in dogs","volume":"76","author":"Kaplan B","year":"1981","journal-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"447","volume-title":"Klinik der Hundekrankheiten","author":"Flasshoff HJ","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Brachycephalic syndrome in dogs","volume":"25","author":"Koch D","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-2591-7.10016-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Strategies for the management and prevention of confirmation\u2010related respiratory disorders in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"6","author":"Packer RM","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Med (Auckl)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"1073","volume-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","author":"Oechtering GU","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.9.1048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-0306-7.00017-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9010003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13302"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.105392"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Nasopharynx and oropharynx. 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