{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:35:44Z","timestamp":1789907744203,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Toxocarosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease, but sources of infection are not well documented over large geographical scales. To determine levels of environmental contamination, soil from 142 parks and recreational areas across the UK and Ireland was assessed for the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                      ova (eggs) were isolated from soil samples by sieving and flotation and then enumerated. Individual eggs were isolated and imaged, and a subset was characterised by species\u2010specific PCR and Sanger sequencing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Characteristic\n                      <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010type eggs were found in 86.6% of parks, with an average of 2.1 eggs per 50 g of topsoil. Representative eggs were confirmed as\n                      <jats:italic>Toxocara canis<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0by Sanger sequencing, with many eggs containing developed larvae, hence being viable and potentially infective. Positive samples were more common, and egg density was higher, in parks with greater perceived levels of dog fouling.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Samples were collected at a single timepoint and with limited spatial mapping within parks. Further study is needed to discern spatiotemporal differences within parks and recreational areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                      is widespread in soil in public parks, indicating a need for further efforts to reduce egg shedding from pet dogs. Standardised methods and large\u2010scale surveys are required to evaluate risk factors for egg presence and the impact of interventions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.2341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T01:12:12Z","timestamp":1668042732000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["WormWatch: Park soil surveillance reveals extensive\n                    <i>Toxocara<\/i>\n                    contamination across the UK and Ireland"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"192","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0582-006X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M.","family":"Airs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological 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