{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:18:18Z","timestamp":1789769898353,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After changes in European Union biocide legislation, the Dutch Poisons Information Center observed a strong increase in information requests concerning dogs and cats exposed to \u03b1\u2010chloralose. To investigate whether \u03b1\u2010chloralose\u2010based rodenticides are safe for non\u2010professional use, additional information regarding poisoning scenarios and clinical course was collected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Veterinarians reporting \u03b1\u2010chloralose exposure over a 2.5\u2010year period were contacted by mail for follow\u2010up information concerning exposure scenario, product formulation, clinical course and treatment, and outcome. In total, information was collected for 96 dogs and 41 cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty\u2010three of 96 dogs and 17 of 19 cats known to have been exposed to \u03b1\u2010chloralose\u2010based rodenticides developed signs of central nervous system (CNS) depression or sensory\u2010induced CNS excitation. Mortality in dogs and cats following exposure was 1% and 18%, respectively. An additional 22 cats presented with clinical signs\u00a0suggestive of \u03b1\u2010chloralose poisoning, with a mortality of 5%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to \u03b1\u2010chloralose was not confirmed by biochemical analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs and especially cats were at risk of poisoning from \u03b1\u2010chloralose. If criteria such as acute toxicity and risk of (secondary) poisoning are applied during the approval of \u03b1\u2010chloralose\u2010based rodenticides, similar to anticoagulant\u2010based rodenticides, it can be concluded that \u03b1\u2010chloralose is also not safe for non\u2010professional use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.2342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T07:24:12Z","timestamp":1667201052000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evidence of a sudden increase in \u03b1\u2010chloralose poisoning in dogs and cats in the Netherlands between 2018 and 2021"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Marieke A.","family":"Dijkman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch Poisons Information Center University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joris H.","family":"Robben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoinette J. H. P.","family":"van Riel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch Poisons Information Center University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan W.","family":"de Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch Poisons Information Center University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Board for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides. News items (Ctgb) IPM\u2010system. Available from:https:\/\/www.ctgb.nl\/actueel\/nieuws\/2018\/10\/02\/middelen\u2010tegen\u2010ratten\u2010en\u2010muizen\u2010alleen\u2010binnen\u2010ipm\u2010systeem. Accessed July 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"European Biocidal Products Forum (EBPF). Sustainable use of rodenticides as biocides in the EU. Cefic\u2014The European Chemical Industry Council Brussel. Available from:https:\/\/specialty\u2010chemicals.eu\/biocides\u2010for\u2010europe\/. Accessed Jan 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00710911"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.91.14.330"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096032718800700311"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01369790"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.02.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreccr-2016-000313"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/27.3.156"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"Board for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides. Authorisations (Ctgb). Available from:https:\/\/toelatingen.ctgb.nl\/nl\/authorisations. Accessed July 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-24.4.684"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"587","article-title":"Alpha\u2010chloralose as a canine anesthetic","volume":"37","author":"Holzgrefe HH","year":"1987","journal-title":"Review Lab Anim Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"411","article-title":"Alphachloralose poisoning in dogs: a case series","volume":"55","author":"Annas A","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Tox"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2013.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"Norwegian Veterinary Institute. Alpha\u2010chloralose poisoning in cats and dogs in Norway\u2014a project. Report 16b\u20102020. Available from:https:\/\/www.vetinst.no\/rapporter\u2010og\u2010publikasjoner\/rapporter\/2020\/alpha\u2010chloralose\u2010poisoning\u2010in\u2010cats\u2010and\u2010dogs\u2010in\u2010norway\u2010a\u2010project. Accessed July 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab087"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"Directive 98\/8\/EC concerning the placing biocidal products on the market. Assessment report. Alphachloralose: product\u2010type 14 (rodenticide). 2008. Available from:https:\/\/circabc.europa.eu\/sd\/a\/0a566792\u201098a3\u20104b34\u20108c6f\u201062bb51d23af8\/Alphachloralose_final%20AR.pdf. Accessed July 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"Lodi SAS. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) Europa. Amendment to the authorization of alphachloralose grain. No. 2019\u20100181. 2020. 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