{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T11:02:26Z","timestamp":1761562946571,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The need for proper age determination in puppies has increased enormously due to the growing illegal trade in puppies that are too young to be removed from the litter or too young to have been properly vaccinated against rabies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dorsopalmar and mediolateral radiographs of the (meta)carpal region, either taken from puppy cadavers or from the Faculty's patient database, were studied in a cross\u2010sectional study of 252 puppies of various sizes, aged 6\u2013212 days. The appearance and development of ossification centres as a function of age in five regions of interest in the (meta)carpal region were scored using a two\u2010 to six\u2010step scoring system based on shape and delineation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A positive correlation with age was found for all investigated regions. Intra\u2010 and interrater agreement between two observers was excellent, except for the distal epiphyses of the metacarpal bones. Postnatal ossification started after the second week of life with the carpal bones, closely followed by the radial trochlea. All ossification centres were present in all puppies from 84 days, except for the sesamoid bone in the tendon of the long abductor muscle of the first digit. Timing of appearance differed significantly between different sized breeds. There were no significant differences between the sexes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age distribution was not balanced for all breed size classes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The radiographic timing of the appearance and development of ossification centres in the carpal region is a promising method for age estimation in puppies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.2582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T04:24:49Z","timestamp":1674534289000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Age estimation of puppies based on the radiographically assessed development of ossification centres in the carpal and metacarpal regions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"192","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6542-3926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martine","family":"Van den Broeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University  Merelbeke Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University  Merelbeke Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Faculty of Sciences Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Cornillie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University  Merelbeke Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12117-021-09429-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"Council Regulation (EC) No. 1\/2005. 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