{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:34:21Z","timestamp":1790573661175,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is important in equine reproduction, as antimicrobials have historically been widely used in the management of breeding mares. However, evidence of the characteristics of AMR in uterine isolates is limited in the UK. The objective of this retrospective study was therefore to describe temporal changes in AMR patterns of bacteria isolated from the endometrium of Thoroughbred broodmares in south\u2010east England between 2014 and 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Endometrial swabs were processed for microbiology and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). For frequently isolated bacteria, changes in AMR patterns over time were assessed using a logistic regression model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 18,996 endometrial swabs, 30.5% were positive for microbial culture. AST was performed on 2091 isolates, representing 1924 swabs collected from 1370 mares located at 132 premises. Beta\u2010haemolytic\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (BHS, 52.5%) and\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (25.8%) were most frequently isolated. In BHS, resistance to enrofloxacin (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02), nitrofurazone (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and oxytetracycline (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01) increased significantly between 2014 and 2020, while resistance to trimethoprim\u2010sulfamethoxazole (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) decreased. In\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , resistance to nitrofurazone increased (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04) and resistance to gentamycin (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02) and trimethoprim\u2010sulfamethoxazole (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) decreased.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Variations in the specimen collection protocols might have affected the frequency of isolates detected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Between 2014 and 2020, AMR changed in this bacterial population. However, there was no significant increase in resistance to penicillin (99.6% BHS susceptible), gentamycin (81.7%\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      susceptible) or ceftiofur.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.2591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T13:45:41Z","timestamp":1676987141000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance of endometrial bacterial isolates collected from UK Thoroughbred mares between 2014 and 2020"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Polly","family":"Rathbone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College  Hatfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3395-8410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan C.","family":"Arango\u2010Sabogal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences Royal Veterinary College  Hatfield UK"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pathologie et Microbiologie Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Saint\u2010Hyacinthe Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"De Mestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College  Hatfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla J.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rossdales Veterinary Surgeons  Newmarket UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12471"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: a One Health perspective","volume":"6","author":"McEwan S","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00112-16"},{"issue":"13","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"2857","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: a global emerging threat to public health systems","volume":"57","author":"Ranucci E","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3829-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102708"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.05.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-44-121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105413"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.7.977"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2007.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2017.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.104104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516407X1737581"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516402776181222"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02773.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"Surveillance of Wisconsin organisms for trends in antimicrobial resistance and epidemiology: introduction to the program and summary of 2016 geographic variation","volume":"117","author":"Munson E","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wis Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0083"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.05.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711434138"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","unstructured":"British Veterinary Association.BVA policy position on the responsible use of antimicrobials in food producing animals.2019;1\u20139. 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