{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T08:07:20Z","timestamp":1783843640539,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]],"date-time":"2024-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]],"date-time":"2024-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pugs commonly present with thoracolumbar myelopathy, also known as pug dog myelopathy (PDM), which is clinically characterised by progressive signs involving the pelvic limbs, no apparent signs of pain and, often, incontinence. In addition to meningeal fibrosis and focal spinal cord destruction, histopathology has confirmed lymphohistiocytic infiltrates in the central nervous system (CNS) in a considerable number of pugs with PDM. Lymphohistiocytic CNS inflammation also characterises necrotising meningoencephalitis (NME) in pugs. This study aimed to investigate the potential contribution of an immunological aetiology to the development of PDM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The concentrations of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in serum and CSF and of anti\u2010GFAP autoantibodies in CSF were measured with an ELISA. In addition, a commercial test was used for genetic characterisation of the dog leukocyte antigen class II haplotype, which is associated with NME susceptibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study included 87 dogs: 52 PDM pugs, 14 control pugs, four NME pugs and 17 dogs of breeds other than pugs that were investigated for neurological disease (neuro controls). Anti\u2010GFAP autoantibodies were present in 15 of 19 (79%) of the PDM pugs tested versus six of 16 (38%) of the neuro controls tested (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.018). All 18 PDM pugs evaluated had detectable CSF GFAP. Serum GFAP was detected in two of three (67%) of the NME pugs and in two of 11 (18%) of the control pugs but not in any of the 40 tested PDM pugs. Male pugs heterozygous for the NME risk haplotype had an earlier onset of clinical signs (70 months) compared to male pugs without the risk haplotype (78 months) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.036).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was limited by\u00a0the lack of healthy dogs of breeds other than pugs and the small numbers of control pugs and pugs with NME.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The high proportion of PDM pugs with anti\u2010GFAP autoantibodies and high CSF GFAP concentrations provide support for a potential immunological contribution to the development of PDM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.3895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]],"date-time":"2024-05-05T11:29:17Z","timestamp":1714908557000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessment of glial fibrillary acidic protein and anti\u2010glial fibrillary acidic protein autoantibody concentrations and necrotising meningoencephalitis risk genotype in dogs with pug dog myelopathy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7698-550X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Rohdin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences  Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Anicura, Albano Small Animal Hospital  Danderyd Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Ljungvall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin Hultin","family":"J\u00e4derlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences Norwegian University of Life Sciences  \u00c5s Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Svensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Lindblad\u2010Toh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Broad Institute  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15470"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"BagheriS VentaP BallegeerE LinY PattersonJ.Investigation of subarachnoid diverticulum and other spinal cord diseases in pugs. 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