{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:20:17Z","timestamp":1790680817991,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are limited studies that identify diseases associated with head tilt in pet rabbits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was an observational, retrospective, single\u2010centre study of rabbits with head tilt presented between 2009 and 2020. Descriptive statistics were performed for all cases, whereas univariate and multivariate analyses were only performed for the 36 cases with a final diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seventy\u2010three rabbits met the inclusion criteria. The final diagnoses included\n                      <jats:italic>Encephalitozoon cuniculi<\/jats:italic>\n                      meningoencephalomyelitis (EC) (15\/36; 41.7%), otitis media\/interna (OMI) (8\/36; 22.2%) and concurrent EC and OMI (13\/38; 36.1%). Subacute\u2010to\u2010chronic onset was more common in rabbits with OMI than in those with EC (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.018). Previous middle ear surgery (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.046) and a diagnosis of otitis externa (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004) significantly increased the risk of OMI. Meloxicam was associated with improvement of clinical signs\u00a0(\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.007). Upright ears (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.013), recumbency (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.037) and impaired mentation (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001) were associated with a higher risk of death\/euthanasia. The proportions of residual head tilt (66.7%) and relapse of vestibular signs (42.1%) were high.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective study with cases varying in their investigation and conclusive final diagnoses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>OMI and EC were the most common aetiologies of head tilt in pet rabbits in the UK. Meloxicam might be associated with a favourable outcome in affected rabbits. Paired EC serology and a CT scan of the head should be the baseline investigation for head tilt in rabbits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.4267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T03:17:23Z","timestamp":1717471043000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Otitis media\/interna and encephalitozoonosis are the most common causes of head tilt in pet rabbits in the UK: 73 cases (2009\u20122020)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"195","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2815-2527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theofanis","family":"Liatis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Small Animals Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh  Midlothian UK"},{"name":"Queen Mother Hospital for Animals Royal Veterinary College  Hatfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2331-1341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikoleta","family":"Makri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Small Animals Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh  Midlothian UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4238-8360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Czopowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Institute of Veterinary Medicine Warsaw University of Life Sciences\u2014SGGW  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2686-6499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenna","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Small Animals Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh  Midlothian UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7412-9398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Nuttall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Small Animals Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh  Midlothian UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0985-6959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Su\u00f1ol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Small Animals Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh  Midlothian UK"},{"name":"Hospital Veterinaria del Mar  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-69611-1.00012-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2008.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13070"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2014.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"PDSA.The PAW Report 2022. 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