{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:31:02Z","timestamp":1791815462428,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009478","name":"Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brachycephalic dog breeds often exhibit a suite of extreme conformations linked with several severe and long\u2010term disorders. Despite this, ownership levels of brachycephalic breeds remain high internationally, with physical appearance being an important driver in their acquisition. Moving these breeds away from conformational extremes is necessary to protect canine welfare. This study aimed to explore how a range of extreme conformations in common brachycephalic breeds are perceived by the UK public.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An online questionnaire used images generated by artificial intelligence of typical, less extreme and super extreme versions of three common brachycephalic breeds (French Bulldog, Pug and English Bulldog) to assess preferences among the UK general public for varying degrees of conformational extremes of muzzle length, eye size\/shape, skin wrinkling and tail length.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The survey included results from 4899 participants. The less extreme versions of all three breeds were rated significantly higher by the public, including owners of purebred brachycephalic dogs, for attractiveness, perceived health, how happy they made the participant feel, ethics of breeding and how much the participant would like to own that dog (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The participants were UK\u2010based only and largely female, restricting generalisability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>If given a choice, the UK public prefers less extreme body shapes in brachycephalic dog breeds. This presents major welfare opportunities to reverse the current normalisation of extreme body shapes in some currently popular brachycephalic dog breeds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.5671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T07:01:34Z","timestamp":1751612494000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Beauty versus the beast: The UK public prefers less\u2010extreme body shapes in brachycephalic dog breeds"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"197","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3468-858X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Youens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Science and Services Royal Veterinary College  Hatfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1115-2723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan G.","family":"O'Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathobiology and Population Sciences Royal Veterinary College  Hatfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5652-3324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoe","family":"Belshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EviVet Evidence\u2010Based Veterinary Consultancy  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayaka","family":"Mochizuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Science and Services Royal Veterinary College  Hatfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8683-9576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Neufuss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blue Cross  Burford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7047-9334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mickey S.","family":"Tivers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paragon Veterinary Referrals  Wakefield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9988-9828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rowena M. A.","family":"Packer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Science and Services Royal Veterinary College  Hatfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.k2518"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"The Guardian.Churchill's last stand: why bulldogs could soon be off our screens.2023. Available from:https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/lifeandstyle\/2023\/feb\/27\/churchills\u2010last\u2010stand\u2010why\u2010bulldogs\u2010could\u2010soon\u2010be\u2010off\u2010our\u2010screens. Accessed 8 Oct 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288081"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"The Kennel Club.Breed registration statistics.2023. Available from:https:\/\/www.thekennelclub.org.uk\/media\u2010centre\/breed\u2010registration\u2010statistics\/. Accessed 2 May 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"American Kennel Club.Popular dog breeds of 2023.2024. Available from:https:\/\/www.akc.org\/expert\u2010advice\/news\/most\u2010popular\u2010dog\u2010breeds\u20102023\/. Accessed 8 Oct 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2752\/089279315X14129350722217"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080529"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08927936.2023.2176590"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/awf.2022.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"International Collaborative on Extreme Conformations in Dogs.Reducing the negative impacts of extreme conformations on dog health and welfare.2024. Available from:https:\/\/www.icecdogs.com\/home\/position\u2010statements. Accessed 31 Jul 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137496"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-015-0023-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315411"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.28.3.287"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2014.940410"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of facial conformation on canine health: corneal ulceration","volume":"10","author":"Packer RMA","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-017-0045-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13382"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Breed and conformational predispositions for prolapsed nictitating membrane gland (PNMG) in dogs in the UK: a VetCompass study","volume":"17","author":"O'Neill DG","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14483-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.2.189"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-021-02261-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66015-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-022-00118-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-021-00112-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-022-00117-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7120\/096272812X13345905673809"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130741"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pets1030032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237276"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9040124"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.26.2.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(99)00098-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172091"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074770"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","unstructured":"The Kennel Club.Breed standards.2024. Available from:https:\/\/www.thekennelclub.org.uk\/breed\u2010standards\/. Accessed 23 Jul 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600031821"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2006.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"How outdated perceptions have reshaped the dog marketplace","volume":"11","author":"Strand P","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Theriogenol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani7080059"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","unstructured":"MaddalenaSD ZeidmanS CampbellK.An empirical look at public perceptions and attitudes about pet adoption and spay\/neuter.Proceedings of the Society of Animal Welfare Petersburg FL USA. November 12\u201214 2012. p.66\u201367."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8020030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9100728"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","unstructured":"People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. PDSA Animal Wellbeing (PAW) Report.2024. Available from:https:\/\/www.pdsa.org.uk\/media\/14944\/pdsa_paw\u2010report\u20102024.pdf. Accessed 3 Apr 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092500"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124118769105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-010-9222-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Analyzing and interpreting data from Likert type scales","volume":"5","author":"Scales LT","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Grad Med Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12121585"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jbg.12330"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177429","article-title":"Genetic rescue of an endangered domestic animal through outcrossing with closely related breeds: a case study of the Norwegian Lundehund","volume":"12","author":"Stronen AV","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esg007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.24.3.327"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151280"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-016-0036-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429263231-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14243627"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107493"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.540081"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.923464"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","unstructured":"The Kennel Club.Annual Report.2022. Available from:https:\/\/www.thekennelclub.org.uk\/media\/4103\/the\u2010kennel\u2010club\u2010annual\u2010report.pdf. Accessed 8 Oct 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-024-00137-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","unstructured":"Horse & Hound.\u2018Judges must place fat horses lower\u2019 to help beat equine obesity.2022. Available from:https:\/\/www.horseandhound.co.uk\/news\/judges\u2010must\u2010place\u2010fat\u2010horses\u2010lower\u2010to\u2010help\u2010beat\u2010equine\u2010obesity\u2010794551. Accessed 10 Apr 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","unstructured":"UK Brachycephalic Working Group (UK\u2010BWG).Brachycephalic Working Group Strategy 2022\u20122025.2022. Available from:https:\/\/www.ukbwg.org.uk\/?page_id=801. Accessed 18 May 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","unstructured":"British Veterinary Association.Advertising guidelines: pets in advertising.2018. Available from:https:\/\/www.bva.co.uk\/resources\u2010support\/ethical\u2010guidance\/advertising\u2010guidelines\u2010pets\u2010in\u2010advertising\u2010a\u2010social\u2010concern\/. Accessed 18 Jul 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318638"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluating socio\u2010economic status (SES) bias in survey nonresponse","volume":"18","author":"Goyder J","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Off Stat"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Survey nonresponse","author":"Moore DL","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-011-9640-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10111959"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani2020144"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vetr.5671","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:05:40Z","timestamp":1758708340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vetr.5671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vetr.5671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vetr.5671","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-4900","2042-7670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-4900","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-7670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"article-number":"e5671"}}