{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:09:08Z","timestamp":1784034548799,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rectal examination is a routine procedure in bovine reproductive management, but its physiological impact may vary depending on the cow's age and parity. Stress responses during such procedures can negatively affect animal welfare and compliance, especially in inexperienced animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seventy clinically healthy Holstein cows aged 1\u20138 years were divided into four groups: heifers (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 15), first parity (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 15), second parity (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 15) and third or later parity cows (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 25). Heart rate (HR) was assessed using a stethoscope, and ocular surface temperatures (central cornea, medial canthus and lacrimal sac) were recorded using infrared thermography. Behavioural responses and examination duration were also noted. Measurements were obtained at 12 predefined time points, including baseline, distinct stages of rectal examination and recovery periods up to 120 minutes post\u2010examination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rectal examination duration was significantly longer in heifers (214.5 \u00b1 21.5 seconds) and first parity cows (213.7 \u00b1 18.8 seconds) than in second parity (185.8 \u00b1 14.2 seconds) and third or later parity cows (184.8 \u00b1 11.3 seconds) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). While behavioural scores were similar between groups, heifers showed significantly elevated HRs and ocular temperatures (cornea and lacrimal sac) during and after the procedure (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). Medial canthus temperatures showed minimal variation. Linear mixed\u2010effects models revealed significant effects of time (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and parity (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) on HR and eye temperature, particularly in heifers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interpretation of these findings is limited by less restraint and handling of heifers compared to cows and the absence of cortisol measurements, HR variability indices and a restrained but non\u2010palpated control group, which restricts separation of restraint\u2010related and palpation\u2010related effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Enhancing animal habituation and modifying handling practices may improve examination efficiency and welfare outcomes as heifers and lower\u2010parity cows exhibited heightened physiological responses to rectal examination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.70972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T12:25:51Z","timestamp":1784031951000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of the effects of rectal examination on heart rate and eye temperature in cattle of different parity"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Atakan","family":"Cortu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University  Burdur Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orsan","family":"Gungor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University  Burdur Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1162589","article-title":"Comparison between transrectal palpation, B\u2010mode and Doppler ultrasonography to assess luteal function in Holstein cattle","volume":"10","author":"Y\u00e1\u00f1ez U","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stress response in dairy cows related to rectal examination","volume":"40","author":"Cingi CC","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Sci Vet"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12040487","article-title":"The animal\u2012human interface in farm animal production: animal fear, stress, reproduction and welfare","volume":"12","author":"Acharya RY","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731113002140","article-title":"Welfare implication of measuring heart rate and heart rate variability in dairy cattle: literature review and conclusions for future research","volume":"8","author":"Kov\u00e1cs L","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7444","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10454","article-title":"Hypothalamic\u2012pituitary\u2012adrenal and cardiac autonomic responses to transrectal examination differ with behavioral reactivity in dairy cows","volume":"99","author":"Kov\u00e1cs L","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The use of infrared thermography in the assessment of stress, health, and metabolism in domestic animals","volume":"105","author":"Schaefer AL","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010071","article-title":"Non\u2010invasive physiological indicators of heat stress in cattle","volume":"11","author":"Idris M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14040616","article-title":"Utilization of infrared thermography in assessing thermal responses of farm animals under heat stress","volume":"14","author":"Ghezzi MD","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13648","article-title":"What are you actually measuring? 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