{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T10:39:14Z","timestamp":1793356754829,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human pressures on Earth's life\u2012support systems have exceeded multiple planetary boundaries, highlighting the need for sectors, including veterinary healthcare, to reduce environmental impacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A prospective convenience sample of 10 horses undergoing arthroscopy at a UK equine hospital between January and March 2025 was studied. Data were collected on anaesthesia, volatile capture, pharmaceuticals, single\u2010use consumables, waste, building energy and travel by horses and staff. Carbon emissions (kgCO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      e) were calculated using published conversion factors. A hybrid methodology combined bottom\u2012up process\u2010based calculations with environmentally extended input\u2013output (EEIO) modelling where primary data were unavailable.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Total emissions from the 10 procedures were 2044\u00a0kgCO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      e. Transport was the largest contributor (42%), followed by single\u2010use consumables (21%), pharmaceuticals (11%), waste (3%) and building energy (&lt;1%). Owner transport (median distance 251\u00a0km) accounted for 86% of travel emissions. The Vet\u2010Can captured 490\u00a0g of isoflurane over 1199 minutes, with a median in vivo transfer efficiency of 39%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Findings were constrained by emission factor availability, system\u2010boundary inconsistencies, reliance on EEIO modelling and a small single\u2010site sample, limiting generalisability. Volatile anaesthetic impact should be interpreted cautiously, as CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      e\u2010based quantification remains contentious.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transport and single\u2010use consumables represent priority targets for sustainability interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.70981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T19:19:46Z","timestamp":1784834386000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An observational study evaluating the environmental impact of equine arthroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"199","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1439-0228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham  Sutton Bonington UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1065-5988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence","family":"Hillen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham  Sutton Bonington UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hird and Partners Shelf Equine Hospital  Halifax UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hird and Partners Shelf Equine Hospital  Halifax UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Shipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Built Environment University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polly","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taylor Monroe  Ely UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06949"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adh2458"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","volume-title":"State of the Global Climate 2025 (WMO\u2010No. 1342)","author":"World Meteorological Organization","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.613620"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.622199"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2018.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13752"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2025.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2024.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2025.106451"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13739"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.70108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68157-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-078464"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","volume-title":"Greenhouse gas accounting sector guidance for pharmaceutical products and medical devices. GHG Protocol Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard","author":"Penny T"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","volume-title":"Greenhouse gas reporting: conversion factors 2024","author":"UK Government Department for Energy Security and Net Zero Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.16702"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31824f6940"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141126"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003951"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b05473"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-025-01445-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","volume-title":"Carbon footprint for the UK and England to 2022. 2025. Available from:","author":"BEIS, DEFRA"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","volume-title":"Guide A: environmental design","author":"Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","volume-title":"The Building Regulations 2000. Part L2B: Conservation of fuel and power in existing buildings that are not dwellings","author":"Office of the Deputy Prime Minister","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01410768231166135"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125446"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es504719g"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq259"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105411"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.16189"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000007378"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-060313-054843"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","volume-title":"GHG Protocol. Technical guidance for calculating scope 3 emissions (version 1.0)","author":"Barrow M","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.70212"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","unstructured":"WhiteK HirdJ HillenF.A pilot study evaluating capture of three volatile agents in anaesthetised horses. In:World Congress of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia.Paris.2025. p.88."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5EM00061K"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1987.48.06.971"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13316"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","volume-title":"Automated switch off out of hours of anaesthetic gases scavenging systems opportunity for change v1.0. National Green Theatres Programme","author":"NHS Scotland","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2023.0057"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315812"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2022.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481307900708"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16093513"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2013.01106.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.447"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013302"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2007.00840.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15433"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","volume-title":"Delivering a \u2018net zero\u2019 national health service","author":"NHS England and NHS Improvement"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","article-title":"Net zero: progress on reducing the environmental impact of medicines","author":"Wilkinson E","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Pharmaceutical Journal."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","volume-title":"Veterinary green theatre checklist compendium of evidence","author":"Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-018-0550-9"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vetr.70981","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vetr.70981","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vetr.70981","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T09:58:47Z","timestamp":1793354327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vetr.70981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vetr.70981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vetr.70981","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-4900","2042-7670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-4900","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-7670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]}}}