{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:49:35Z","timestamp":1791528575066,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>South American camelids (SACs) have become increasingly popular in the UK. Consequently, knowledge among veterinary practitioners about diseases in these non\u2010native species has improved, although gaps remain. The remit of this study was to identify common diseases of SACs based on Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) surveillance data from testing of carcass and sample submissions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 3541 data sets of SAC submissions to APHA between 2012 and 2021 were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall diagnostic success rate was 39.5% but was significantly higher in carcass submissions (74%) compared to non\u2010carcass submissions (23%). It was also significantly higher in post\u2010weaned crias (53.4%) than in adults (40.5%), whereas fetuses (18.2%) had the lowest rate. The most common diagnoses were similar to those in an earlier study, with an even higher percentage of diagnoses of gastrointestinal parasitism among other frequent diagnoses of parasitic disease. Among non\u2010infectious disease causes, nutritional diseases were most frequently diagnosed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Passive disease surveillance data rely on submissions by veterinarians to the APHA surveillance network and will therefore not mirror disease prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A detailed summary of laboratory\u2010based diagnoses provides veterinarians and owners with guidance on frequent significant diseases of SACs in England and Wales and encourages submission of carcasses rather than samples for diagnostics where appropriate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.71218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:58:31Z","timestamp":1791525511000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disease of South American camelids in England and Wales: Analysis of diagnoses from Animal and Plant Health Agency laboratory submissions between 2012 and 2021"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0092-9429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonja","family":"Jeckel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences Royal Veterinary College  Hatfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carissa Xian","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College Hatfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences Animal and Plant Health Agency  Addlestone UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"South American camelids\u2014past, present and future","volume":"5","author":"Wheeler JC","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Camelid Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.158.3.86","article-title":"Postal survey of the population of South American camelids in the United Kingdom in 2000\/01","volume":"158","author":"D'Alterio GL","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"British Alpaca Society.Passionate about all things Alpaca. [cited 2025 Sep 19]. Available from:https:\/\/bas\u2010uk.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"British Llama Society.About llamas [Internet].British Llama Society;c2026 [cited 2026 Oct 5]. Available from:https:\/\/www.britishllamasociety.co.uk\/about\u2010llamas\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"The bigger picture: a report on the UK alpaca industry","volume":"50","author":"Henson L","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Alpaca Society"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.f3641","article-title":"Diseases in camelids. 1. Common presentations","volume":"35","author":"Whitehead C","year":"2013","journal-title":"In Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"789","volume-title":"Llama and alpaca care: medicine, surgery, reproduction, nutrition, and herd health","author":"Christopher","year":"2014"},{"issue":"05","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1623237","volume":"42","author":"Goerigk D","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tier\u00e4rztliche Praxis Ausgabe G: Gro\u00dftiere\/Nutztiere"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-024-10369-1","article-title":"Pathological findings in South American camelids presented at a farm animal clinic in Northern Germany (2005\u20132021)","volume":"48","author":"Neubert S","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreco-2017-000239","article-title":"Diseases and causes of death among alpacas in Sweden: a retrospective study","volume":"6","author":"Bj\u00f6rklund C","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Rec Open"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2025.106510","article-title":"Pathology of new world camelids in Ireland: 13 years of disease surveillance and the significance of bovine tuberculosis in alpaca","volume":"239","author":"Mignacca SA","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.01.021","article-title":"Review of laboratory submissions from New World camelids in England and Wales (2000\u20122011)","volume":"200","author":"Twomey DF","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"GOV.UK.Submit farm animals for a post\u2010mortem examination [Internet].Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs;2024. [cited 2026 Oct 5]. Available from:https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/guidance\/submit\u2010farm\u2010animals\u2010for\u2010a\u2010post\u2010mortem\u2010examination"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"Google.APHA Veterinary Investigation Centres and surveillance pathology partners [map on the Internet].Google; c2024 [cited 2026 Oct 5]. Available from:https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/d\/viewer?mid=1xtR\u20109__omfdH8g0GERxFBDZDqDypfMU&ll=53.57104299596258%2C\u20104.091406619864323&z=6"},{"issue":"24","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.24.771","article-title":"Use of laboratory data to reduce the time taken to detect new diseases: vida to FarmFile","volume":"162","author":"Gibbens JC","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs.Data on TB in non\u2010bovine species [Internet].Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs;2026. [cited 2026 Oct 5]. Available from:https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistical\u2010data\u2010sets\/data\u2010on\u2010tb\u2010in\u2010non\u2010bovine\u2010species"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"Animal and Plant Health Agency Surveillance Intelligence Unit.VIDA Annual Report 2024 [Tableau dashboard on the Internet].Animal and Plant Health Agency; c2024 [cited 2026 Oct 5]. Available from:https:\/\/public.tableau.com\/app\/profile\/siu.apha\/viz\/VIDAAnnualReport2024\/VIDAAnnualReport2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"MapChart.United Kingdom \u2010 Edit Map [interactive map tool on the Internet].MapChart; c2026 [cited 2026 Oct 5]. Available from:https:\/\/www.mapchart.net\/uk.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.29.4.216","article-title":"Skin diseases of South American camelids","volume":"29","author":"Foster A","year":"2007","journal-title":"In Pract"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.f7400","article-title":"AHVLA sets out a new structure for scanning surveillance","volume":"173","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.001","article-title":"Diagnostic sampling and gross pathology of new world camelids","volume":"28","author":"Bildfell RJ","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Food Anim Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387221091733","article-title":"Postmortem diagnoses in South American camelids and factors influencing diagnostic rate in the upper Midwest USA, 2009\u20132019","volume":"34","author":"Clarke LL","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2017.01.003","article-title":"The post\u2010mortem examination in ruminants and its possible benefit to ruminant clinical medicine","volume":"156","author":"W\u00e4sle K","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"317","article-title":"Highlights of camelid diagnoses from necropsy submissions to the Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, from 1998 to 2004","volume":"46","author":"Shapiro JL","year":"2005","journal-title":"Canad Vet J"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11071956","article-title":"Article causes of abortions in South American camelids in Switzerland\u2014cases and questionnaire","volume":"11","author":"R\u00fcfli I","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.774","article-title":"Survey of anthelmintic use in South American camelids in the UK","volume":"189","author":"French S","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","first-page":"1999","volume-title":"Parasitology research","author":"Dubey JP","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2009.08.121","article-title":"Mural endocarditis in British alpacas (Vicugna Pacos)","volume":"141","author":"Schock A","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718772071","article-title":"Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus septicemia in alpacas: three cases and review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Corpa JM","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-2352-6.00037-7","volume-title":"Llama and alpaca care","author":"Cebra C","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.161.3.94","article-title":"Bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in the UK","volume":"161","author":"Foster AP","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.07.012","article-title":"Neonatal diarrhea in llamas and alpacas","volume":"61","author":"Whitehead CE","year":"2006","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.03.005","article-title":"Viral diseases of new world camelids","volume":"25","author":"Kapil S","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Food Anim Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1985.187.11.1245","article-title":"Lymphosarcoma in a llama","volume":"187","author":"Fowler ME","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vetr.71218","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/vetr.71218","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/vetr.71218","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:58:35Z","timestamp":1791525515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/vetr.71218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/vetr.71218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vetr.71218","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-4900","2042-7670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-4900","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-7670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"article-number":"vetr.71218"}}