{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:19:45Z","timestamp":1790662785299,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bacterial lower respiratory tract infections (bLRTIs) are common and potentially life threatening in cats and dogs. Antibiotic treatment is often initiated before the diagnosis of bLRTI; therefore improved knowledge of the aetiology and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of these infections is essential to inform empiric antibiotic choices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective study of microbiological, cytological results and their drug susceptibilities from lower respiratory samples (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01989) processed in a UK commercial laboratory between 2002 and 2012 was carried out.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty\u2010nine per cent of feline samples and 50% of canine samples were positive for bacterial growth with most yielding a single organism (72 % and 69%, respectively).\n                      <jats:italic>Bordetella bronchiseptica<\/jats:italic>\n                      (20.2% from dogs and 2.3% from cats),\n                      <jats:italic>Pasteurella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (23.2%, 31.8%),\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (16.2%, 13.6%) and\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (11.1%, 11.4%) were most frequently isolated from cytologically positive samples which contained intracellular bacteria (10%, 14%). Amoxycillin\u2010clavulanate, cephalothin, cefovecin, oxytetracycline and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole showed modest\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      activity against\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      from dogs (approximately 70% susceptibility).\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. were resistant to enrofloxacin (50%), ticarcillin (25%) and marbofloxacin (13%) but showed lower or zero resistance to aminoglycosides (approximately 7%) and ciprofloxacin (0%). Multi drug resistance (acquired resistance to three or more antimicrobial drug classes) was particularly common among\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates, with 23% from feline samples and 43% from canine samples.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Resistance to certain first\u2010choice antibiotics was detected in bLRTIs highlighting the need for continued monitoring and sound evidence to inform decision\u2010making in the management of these infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T15:22:51Z","timestamp":1628695371000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacteria associated with lower respiratory tract infections in cats and dogs in England"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"190","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1249-9561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daphne E.","family":"Mavrides","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice L.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Microbiology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jea G.","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Microbiology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham  Sutton Bonington UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4658-8594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy D.","family":"McHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Microbiology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2000.tb02272.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2013.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of the dog and cat","author":"Greene CE","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2010.00587.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage in the evaluation of pulmonary disease in the dog and cat","volume":"5","author":"Padrid P","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"Bacterial isolates from the lower trachea of clinically healthy dogs","volume":"20","author":"McKiernan BC","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"The cat: diseases and clinical management","author":"Sherding RG","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.1999.0451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14627"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Textbook of respiratory disease in dogs and cats","author":"King LG","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00010302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511159"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"BSAVA. 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