{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:28:26Z","timestamp":1778279306830,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012352","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2-Action B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2-Action B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pain in horses is an emergent welfare concern, and its assessment represents a challenge for equine clinicians. This study aimed at improving pain assessment in horses through a convergent validation of existing tools: we investigated whether an effective analgesic treatment influences the horse grimace scale (HGS) and the concentration of specific circulating microRNAs (miRNAs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eleven stallions underwent routine surgical castration under general anaesthesia. They were divided into two analgesic treatment groups: castration with the administration of preoperative flunixin and castration with preoperative flunixin plus a local injection of mepivacaine into the spermatic cords. HGS and levels of seven circulating miRNAs were evaluated pre\u2010, 8 and 20 hours post\u2010procedure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to pre\u2010castration, HGS, miR\u2010126\u20105p, miR\u2010145 and miR\u2010let7e increased significantly in horses receiving flunixin at 8 hours post\u2010castration (Friedman test, p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Both behavioural and molecular changes occurred in horses receiving flunixin only, confirming that the addition of local mepivacaine is an effective analgesic treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combining the use of HGS and circulating miRNAs, particularly miR\u2010145, could be meaningful to monitor acute pain conditions in horses. Our results further validate the HGS as a method to assess acute pain in horses and point out miR\u2010145 as a promising biomarker to identify pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.82","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T04:33:03Z","timestamp":1612413183000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Towards an improved pain assessment in castrated horses using facial expressions (HGS) and circulating miRNAs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"188","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5037-3759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Dalla Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Lodi Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2983-4880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Lodi Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7262-1696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Lecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Lodi Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9358-011X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Ambrogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunit\u00e0 Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5284-0106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Lebelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Research and Consulting, Sencelles  Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Stucke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landratsamt Ravensburg  Ravensburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5292-8722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliano","family":"Ravasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Lodi Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9199-5757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Ceciliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Lodi Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8285-5501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Minero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano  Lodi Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.25.4.481"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2007.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2010.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092281"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani6080047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200339"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117001525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00014-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00445.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"European Horse Network. 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