{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:15:20Z","timestamp":1772118920009,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010254","name":"Kent State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Despite the importance of domesticated animals in the generation and transmission of antibiotic\u2010resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the role of wild animals, specifically rodents, in the ecology of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      remains unclear. We recovered and genotyped\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates from wild Norway rats (\n                      <jats:italic>Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) in Boston, Massachusetts to examine genetic relationships between common human and animal\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates in a large US metropolitan area.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We collected and necropsied 63 rats from June 2016 to June 2017. Nasal, foot pad, fur, and fecal swabs were collected.\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was isolated using culture\u2010based methods and polymerase chain reaction confirmation.\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were\n                      <jats:italic>spa<\/jats:italic>\n                      typed, tested for antibiotic susceptibility, and whole genome sequenced. Assembled sequences were uploaded to the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database to identify antibiotic resistance elements. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor\u2010joining method with the maximum composite likelihood distance in MEGA7.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We recovered 164 Gram\u2010positive bacterial isolates from Norway rats. Nineteen isolates from eight individual rats were confirmed as\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (prevalence: 12.9% (8\/63)). All\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were methicillin\u2010susceptible\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MSSA),\n                      <jats:italic>pvl<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010negative, and resistant to penicillin. Two isolates displayed resistance to erythromycin. Four different\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus spa<\/jats:italic>\n                      types were detected (t933, t10751, t18202, and t189). Thirteen unique antibiotic resistance elements were identified, and all isolates shared genes\n                      <jats:italic>mepR<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>mgrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>arlR<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus norA<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Phylogenetic analysis if the 19\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates revealed they were genetically similar to four clades of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      with similar resistance gene profiles isolated from both human\u2010 and animal\u2010derived\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , as well as formed a distinct phylogenetic cluster composed only of rat isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wild rodents may serve as a reservoir or vector of antibiotic resistance genes in the urban environment with relevance for human and animal health.<\/jats:p>\n                  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