{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:02:27Z","timestamp":1780506147951,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,10]],"date-time":"2022-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Zoological gardens (Zoo) provide abode to various threatened animals or trafficked animals seized by the authorities, and injured and orphaned animals. Captive animals are more susceptible to infection as they are under significant stress due to diet and space which further dwindle their resistance to parasitic infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and burden of gastrointestinal parasites in captive mammals housed at Central Zoo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fresh faecal samples from three orders of mammals including carnivora (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 24), rodentia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 28) and artiodactyla (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 35) were examined by direct smear, faecal floatation and sedimentation techniques, and the McMaster technique was applied to quantify parasite eggs per gram (EPG)\/oocysts per gram (OPG) of a faecal sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One or more parasite taxa were detected in 19.54% of the examined samples and five types of GIPs including one protozoon (<jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic> spp.) and four helminths (<jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Haemonchus<\/jats:italic> spp. and <jats:italic>Trichostrongylus<\/jats:italic> spp. and hookworm) were recorded. The protozoan prevalence (6.89 %) was lower than helminths (12.64%). The <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic> spp. was the most prevalent parasite (6.89%) with the highest OPG (427.77 \u00b1 25.45SD) in spotted deer (<jats:italic>Axis axis)<\/jats:italic>, and the highest prevalence was noticed among artiodactyla (34.28%) followed by carnivora (12.5%) and rodentia (7.14%). Artiodactyla had both single infection (25.71%) and double (8.57%) infection. The percentage of single infection (16.09%) was found to be higher than double infection (3.44%) among the captive mammals. The wild boar (<jats:italic>Sus scrofa<\/jats:italic>) had the highest EPG of 383.33 \u00b1 76.37SD (<jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic> spp.), while the spotted deer had the lowest EPG of 216.66 \u00b1 76.37SD (hookworm).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite careful management practices, the parasitic infection may be attributed to the narrow enclosure, group housing and environmental contamination. The present finding provides baseline information on the parasitic infection in captive mammals, and can be used by zoo managers for the better life of captive animals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,10]],"date-time":"2022-12-10T12:24:24Z","timestamp":1670675064000},"page":"457-464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Copromicroscopic study of gastrointestinal parasites in captive mammals at Central Zoo, Lalitpur, Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Pitambar","family":"Dhakal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Zoology Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University  Kirtipur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0708-1769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hari Prasad","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Zoology Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University  Kirtipur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachana","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Trust for Nature Conservation\u2010Central Zoo  Lalitpur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parbat Jung","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Trust for Nature Conservation\u2010Central Zoo  Lalitpur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiranjibi Prasad","family":"Pokheral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Trust for Nature Conservation\u2010Central Zoo  Lalitpur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/jist.v21i1.16053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12471"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11609\/JoTT.o2440.1955\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2157\u20107579.1000207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686\u2010019\u201000145\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01035\u201010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19026\/ijava.6.5608"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069349"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2010\u20100049.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"Veterinary parasitology reference manual","author":"Foreyt W. 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