{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:10:41Z","timestamp":1790777441702,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]],"date-time":"2023-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013221","name":"Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13\u201018\u20101851\u2010064\u201097020\u2010971043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\u201018\u20101851\u2010064\u201097020\u2010971043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multi\u2010causal respiratory infections are more commonly observed than uncomplicated cases with single agents in the commercial poultry industry. Recently, increased mortality rates associated with respiratory clinical signs have been reported in Iranian broiler farms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study aimed to determine the spectra of avian mycoplasmas (<jats:italic>Mycoplasma gallisepticum<\/jats:italic>, MG and <jats:italic>Mycoplasma synoviae<\/jats:italic>, MS) and <jats:italic>Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale<\/jats:italic> (ORT) in the broiler farms with the multi\u2010causal respiratory disease (MCRD) from 2017 to 2020.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trachea and lung tissue samples were collected from 70 broiler flocks presenting increased mortality and acute respiratory disease. MG, MS, and ORT were detected by performing polymerase chain reaction with primers complementary to the 16S rRNA, <jats:italic>vlhA<\/jats:italic>, and 16S rRNA genes, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genetic materials of MG, MS, and ORT were detected in five, three, and five of the 70 flocks. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the complete <jats:italic>mgc2<\/jats:italic> coding sequences, all MG strains formed a distinct cluster along with other Iranian MG isolates. According to the phylogenetic analysis of the partial <jats:italic>vlhA<\/jats:italic> gene of MS strains, two isolates were located along with Australian and European strains. In addition, one of them displayed an out\u2010group association with MS isolates from Jordan. Phylogenetic analysis of Iranian ORT strains using a partial sequence of the 16S rRNA gene showed a distinct group among the other ORT strains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results indicate that MG, MS, and ORT are not predominantly responsible for the MCRD. However, continuous monitoring of poultry flocks could be significant for obtaining valuable information related to different MG, MS, and ORT strains and designing effective control strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]],"date-time":"2023-05-21T16:19:03Z","timestamp":1684685943000},"page":"1675-1684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pathogenic bacteria associated with outbreaks of respiratory disease in Iranian broiler farms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1174-4761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Bashashati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostics Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1125-7480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shojaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerobic Bacterial Research and Vaccine Production Razi Vaccine &amp; Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3307-4607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fereshteh","family":"Sabouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostics Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"911","volume-title":"Diseases of poultry","author":"Armour N. 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