{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:54:13Z","timestamp":1791485653614,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breeding objectives are designed to achieve targeted dairy cow production goals, which can be affected by production type, farmer preferences, environmental factors and genetic factors individually or in combination. Breeding practices, such as both controlled and uncontrolled, and artificial insemination (AI) are the tools used to obtain the desired breeding objectives. The lower reproductive performance of indigenous dairy cows affects the total milk production and calf crops that are produced during their lifetime. Designing appropriate breeding objectives and breeding practices can improve the reproductive performance of dairy cows and their overall production performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the breeding, practices and performance of indigenous dairy cattle in the south western part of Ethiopia. The districts of Gesha and Chena were purposefully chosen. The study design for the 384 household surveys was a cross\u2010sectional survey with a simple random sample approach. Data analysis was carried out by MS\u2010Excel (2010) and the general linear model procedure of SAS of 2008.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The current study revealed that methods of breeding were predominantly natural\u2010controlled mating, followed by natural\u2010uncontrolled mating and AI in descending order. Breeding objectives were input function, output function, sociocultural and economic functions and assets and security functions in decreasing order of rank. Reproduction performance indexes of indigenous dairy cows age at first service (3.72\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.05 years), age at first calving (AFC) (4.71\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.07 years), calving interval (CI) (1.58\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.03 years), days open (DO) (4.26\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.11 months), services per conception in natural mating (1.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.08) and AI (2.73\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.14), age of bull at maturity (4.17\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.74 years), interoestrus interval (23.18\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.61 days), calves crop (7.53\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.22) and the life span of indigenous dairy cow (11.94\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.26 years) were significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) between two districts, whereas the values of age of bull at maturity and number of services per conception in natural mating were significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) between districts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using AI and major reproduction performances, such as AFC, CI and DO of indigenous dairy cows in the study area, were very low. Therefore, concerned bodies should intervene to improve reproduction performance through the utilization of AI techniques, with the integration of forage development activities and improvements in livestock health care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T07:05:04Z","timestamp":1695193504000},"page":"2820-2834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of breeding objectives, breeding practices and reproductive performance of indigenous dairy cows in selected districts of Kaffa Zone, South West Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yakob","family":"Asfaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Mizan \u2013 Tepi University  Mizan Aman Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2390-7487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regasa","family":"Begna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Mizan \u2013 Tepi University  Mizan Aman Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Worku","family":"Masho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Mizan \u2013 Tepi University  Mizan Aman Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"204","article-title":"Appraisal of milk production, processing and marketing in selected urban and peri\u2010urban dairy production systems of northwestern Ethiopia","volume":"54","author":"Abebe M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies\/Lucrari Stiintifice: Zootehnie si Biotehnologii"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Cause for the occurrence of freemartin and its influence on livestock reproductive performance: A review","volume":"5","author":"Adisu A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Health and Behavioral Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"On farm characterization of Horro cattle breed production systems in western Oromia, Ethiopia","volume":"24","author":"Agere M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Livestock Research for Rural Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","unstructured":"Amanuel M.(2019).Evaluation of efficiency of estrus synchronization and assessment of breeding practice of dairy cattle in Jimma zone south western Ethiopia. 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