{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:40:45Z","timestamp":1790959245634,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been identified as an important zoonotic pathogen, causing several illnesses such as diarrhoea, keratitis and urinary tract infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study assessed the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in broiler chickens, its antibiotic resistance (AR) patterns, ESBL\u2010producing\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the presence of virulence genes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 26 isolates were confirmed as\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      from 480 pooled broiler chicken faecal samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial susceptibility test, while nine virulence genes and 26 AR genes were also screened by PCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All 26\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates harboured the\n                      <jats:italic>ireA<\/jats:italic>\n                      (siderophore receptors),\n                      <jats:italic>ptA<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>zapA<\/jats:italic>\n                      (proteases),\n                      <jats:italic>ucaA, pmfA, atfA<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>mrpA<\/jats:italic>\n                      (fimbriae),\n                      <jats:italic>hlyA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>hpmA<\/jats:italic>\n                      (haemolysins) virulence genes. The\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (62%) and levofloxacin (54%), while 8 (30.7%) of the isolates were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR). PCR analysis identified the\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        bla\n                        <jats:sub>CTX\u2010M<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      gene (62%),\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        bla\n                        <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      (58%) and\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        bla\n                        <jats:sub>CTX\u2010M\u20102<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      (38%). Further screening for AMR genes identified\n                      <jats:italic>mcr\u20101<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>cat1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>cat2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>qnrA, qnrD<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 12%, 19%, 12%, 54%, 27% and 8%, respectively for\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates. The prevalence of the integron integrase\n                      <jats:italic>intI<\/jats:italic>\n                      1 and\n                      <jats:italic>intI<\/jats:italic>\n                      2 genes was 43% and 4%, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The rise of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistance, as well as MDR strains, is a public health threat that points to a challenge in the treatment of infections caused by these zoonotic bacteria. Furthermore, because ESBL\u2010producing\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      has the potential to spread to humans, the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        bla\n                        <jats:sub>CTX<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\u2010M<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010producing\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in broilers should be kept under control. This is the first study undertaken to isolate\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      from chicken faecal samples and investigate its antibiotic resistance status as well as virulence profiles in South Africa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T04:44:07Z","timestamp":1707972247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles of\n                    <i>Proteus mirabilis<\/i>\n                    isolated from broiler chickens at abattoir in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0473-8075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsepo","family":"Ramatla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North\u2010West University  Potchefstroom South Africa"},{"name":"Gastrointestinal Research Unit Department of Surgery School of Clinical Medicine University of the Free State  Bloemfontein South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taole","family":"Ramaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture North\u2010West University  Mmabatho South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kgaugelo","family":"Lekota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North\u2010West University  Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kealeboga","family":"Mileng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North\u2010West University  Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rendani","family":"Ndou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture North\u2010West University  Mmabatho South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malekoba","family":"Mphuthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture North\u2010West University  Mmabatho South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ntelekwane","family":"Khasapane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology Central University of Technology  Bloemfontein South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelo","family":"Syakalima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture North\u2010West University  Mmabatho South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Disease Control School of Veterinary Medicine University of Zambia  Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oriel","family":"Thekisoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North\u2010West University  Potchefstroom South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2431-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88861-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007653"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01760-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01147.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.11.2671"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"Proteus Mirabilis as a cause of disease in calves","volume":"35","author":"Botes H. 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