{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T03:32:05Z","timestamp":1781321525946,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]],"date-time":"2018-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tetanus is an acute, often fatal, infectious neuromuscular disease in all farmed mammals caused by <jats:italic>Clostridium tetani<\/jats:italic>. The disease is sporadic but outbreaks of tetanus have been described, as a result of wound contaminated with spores of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0tetani<\/jats:italic>, which sporulates to the vegetative form and produce toxins. The present study reports an outbreak of tetanus in a sheep flock, shortly after ear tagging. Three sheep from a large flock (with a population of 1000 sheep) were presented with signs of: convulsion, limb stiffness, incoordination and trismus (\u201clock jaw\u201d). There were wounds and scabs in most livestock where ear tags had been attached 1 week prior. Clinical examination revealed tachycardia, dyspnoea with dilated nostrils, mild fever, erected ear pinnae, teeth grinding, mild bloat, muscles rigidity, prolapse of third eyelid and anxiety. According to the history stated by the owner, the case fatality rate of the disease from the beginning was 50% during the outbreak. Necropsy did not reveal any significant finding. Gram\u2010positive bacilli with terminal spores representing <jats:italic>C.\u00a0tetani<\/jats:italic> were isolated in anaerobic cultures which were taken from ear wounds. Procaine penicillin G was administrated at 20\u00a0000\u00a0IU\/kg BW for 5\u00a0days, but antiglobulin was not available to treat affected animals. Mortality significantly declined one day after onset of treatment. In this report, the organism was probably introduced by contaminated instruments which were used for ear tagging of sheep. Wound exudation and adhesion following rubbing, created a favourable anaerobic condition for the spores to germinate with production of neurotoxin. Vaccination can protect animals against tetanus, but it does not preclude the need to apply standard hygienic principles when performing management procedures causing wounds. In pasture holding system, many pathogens are present in environment, so tetanus should be considered important in farm animals, because of its high fatality rate and the long course of convalescence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]],"date-time":"2018-12-14T04:54:50Z","timestamp":1544763290000},"page":"146-150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Tetanus outbreak in a sheep flock due to ear tagging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6549-7922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samad","family":"Lotfollahzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Heydari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Mohebbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Hashemian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.142.19.518"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2009000300013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Tetanus in a Deoni calf \u2010 a case report","volume":"6","author":"Bhikane A.U.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intas Polivet"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Infectious Disease of Livestock","author":"Coetzer J.A.W.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"1360","volume-title":"Veterinary Medicine, a Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats","author":"Constable P.D.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2007.00922.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Clostridium tetani infection in 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