{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:08:59Z","timestamp":1790107739780,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022253","name":"Pan African University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022253","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004532","name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004532","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Ruminant mastitis continues to be a cause of economic losses in the dairy industry and remains a major public health hazard globally.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n This cross\u2010sectional study was carried out in Mukurweini Sub\u2010County of Nyeri County, Kenya, to investigate the prevalence of bacteria causing mastitis, risk factors associated with goat mastitis and the antibiotic resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from the goat milk.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Farm level data on risk factors for mastitis was obtained from 56 farmers using a semi structured questionnaire. A total of 189 goat milk samples were collected. The goat's udder was observed for signs of clinical mastitis and the California Mastitis Test (CMT) used to test the milk for sub\u2010clinical mastitis. All samples were then cultured for morphological identification of bacteria and strain typing by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption\/Ionization (MALDI)\u2010Time of Flight (ToF) technique. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n , coagulase\u2010negative\n Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n (CoNS),\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Klebsiella oxytoca<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n spp.,\n Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n spp.,\n Proteus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Escherichia vulneris<\/jats:italic>\n to eight commonly used antibiotics was done by the disc diffusion method and validated by determining the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (\n mecA<\/jats:italic>\n and\n blaTEM<\/jats:italic>\n ) using polymerase chain reaction method.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The prevalence of clinical mastitis was 1.1% (2\/189) while that of sub\u2010clinical mastitis was 84.7% (160\/189). Higher (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05) prevalence of mastitis was observed in goats whose houses were cleaned fortnightly and in cases where farmers used same towel to dry different does\u2019 udders during the milking process. Thirteen different bacterial species were isolated from the milk samples and identified by MALDI\u2010ToF, and these included\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n (22.0%), CoNS (20.3%),\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n (18.1%),\n Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n spp. (14.3%),\n Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n spp. (10.4%),\n K. oxytoca<\/jats:italic>\n (6.0%),\n E. vulneris<\/jats:italic>\n (1.7%),\n P. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n (1.7%),\n Raoutella ornithinolytica<\/jats:italic>\n (1.7%),\n Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n (1.1%),\n Pantoea agglomerans<\/jats:italic>\n (1.1%),\n Serratia marcescens<\/jats:italic>\n (1.1%) and\n Cedeceas<\/jats:italic>\n spp. (0.6%). One hundred pathogenic bacterial isolates were randomly selected and tested for antibiotic sensitivity to eight antibiotics out of which\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n were 97.5% resistant to Oxacillin and 100% sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. The CoNSs were 100% resistant to Oxacillin and 100% sensitive to Ciprofloxacin.\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n were 93.9% resistant to Oxacillin, 69.7% sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and 87.9% sensitive to both Amoxicillin\/Clavulanic acid and Meropenem. The antimicrobial resistant genes detected in\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n and\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n were\n mecA<\/jats:italic>\n [66.7%, 0%], and\n \n bla\n TEM<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n [20% and 78.3%], respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n In conclusion, the study showed that most of the does were affected by subclinical mastitis with the main causative bacteria being\n Staphylococci<\/jats:italic>\n spp. and coliforms. Farmers need to be trained on improved control of mastitis by adoption of good milking practices and use of CMT kit for early detection of mastitis. Occurrence of multidrug resistance by key mastitis causing pathogens was shown to be prevalent and therefore there is need for development of intervention strategies.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T07:15:54Z","timestamp":1711610154000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of mastitis causing bacteria isolated from dairy goats in Mukurweini Sub\u2010County, Nyeri County, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1216-5316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Kabui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8292-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josephine","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0998-8217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Ngugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5513-2113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Kagira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149450"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/2019.51.1.307.315"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/ajvs.58885"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2168-9547.1000201"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-4488(95)00827-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"Deka R. 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