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In this study, whole blood stimulation with either <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMA<\/jats:styled-content>\/I or lipopolysaccharide (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPS<\/jats:styled-content>) was used to assess the effect of multiple drugs (azathioprine, ciclosporin, mycophenolate, leflunomide and prednisone) after a 7\u2010day treatment course on production of cytokines measured with a multiplex assay in healthy dogs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a04 for each treatment). Interleukin\u201010 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010), interferon gamma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>) were significantly activated by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMA<\/jats:styled-content>\/I stimulation and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPS<\/jats:styled-content> stimulation, in the absence of immunosuppressive drugs. After ciclosporin treatment, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> production was significantly reduced after stimulation with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMA<\/jats:styled-content>\/I compared to pre\u2010treatment. After prednisone treatment, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content><jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> production was significantly reduced after stimulation with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMA<\/jats:styled-content>\/I or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPS<\/jats:styled-content> compared to pre\u2010treatment. No significant change was observed after treatment with azathioprine, leflunomide or mycophenolate. This methodology may be useful to monitor dogs not only treated with ciclosporin, but also with prednisone or a combination of both. Further studies are needed to assess the use of this assay in a clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]],"date-time":"2019-01-21T10:23:50Z","timestamp":1548066230000},"page":"199-205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of immunosuppressive drugs on cytokine production in canine whole blood stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or a combination of ionomycin and phorbol 12\u2010myristate 13\u2010acetate"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6308-8749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien R.S.","family":"Dandrieux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences Melbourne Veterinary School University of Melbourne Werribee Vic Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lakshmi","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Bioproducts Mississippi State University Starkville MS USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Firestone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences Asia\u2010Pacific Centre for Animal Health University of Melbourne Parkville Vic Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2395-0810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd M.","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State University MS Mississippi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline S.","family":"Mansfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences Melbourne Veterinary School University of Melbourne Werribee Vic Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100625"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10093834"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"700","volume-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine: Diseases of the Dog and Cat","author":"Archer T. 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