{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T13:42:49Z","timestamp":1758807769720,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trichomonas gallinae<\/jats:italic> is a parasite that causes canker and severe loss and death, especially in young pigeons. Metronidazole (MTZ) is the recommended drug for treating avian trichomoniasis. Due to drug resistance, non\u2010chemical alternatives, such as medicinal plant extracts, are also considered possible therapies for this disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study compares the antitrichomonal effects of MTZ with extracts of <jats:italic>Camellia sinensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ziziphus vulgaris<\/jats:italic> on <jats:italic>T. gallinae<\/jats:italic> in vitro.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Samples of <jats:italic>T. gallinae<\/jats:italic> were taken from infected pigeons. Multi\u2010well plates with different concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50 and 100\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL) of plant extracts were used for the in vitro study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> extract was 25\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL over 24\u00a0h, compared to 50\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for MTZ. The MIC value of the <jats:italic>Z. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> extracts was 50\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results suggest that the extracts of <jats:italic>Z. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic>, as potential natural agents, could have anti\u2010avian trichomoniasis properties. This study also shows that MTZ, <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Z. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> are equally effective in preventing the growth of <jats:italic>T. gallinae<\/jats:italic> trophozoites in the culture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T17:19:15Z","timestamp":1711387155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["In vitro anti\u2010<i>Trichomonas gallinae<\/i> effects of <i>Ziziphus vulgaris<\/i> L. and <i>Camellia sinensis<\/i> (L.) 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