{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T09:53:31Z","timestamp":1782899611115,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002660","name":"Islamic Azad University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002660","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Astaxanthin is the most prevalent carotenoid in the marine environment and is widely used as an additive in formulated aquafeeds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A 60\u2010day feeding trial was conducted to consider the effect of dietary nanoliposome\u2010coated astaxanthin (NA) on haematological parameters, serum antioxidant activities and immune responses of rainbow trout,\n                      <jats:italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 450 healthy fish weighing 31.00\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.09\u00a0g were randomly assigned in triplicate (30 fish per replicate) to 5 dietary treatments: 0 (control), 25.00, 50.00, 75.00, and 100.00\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      NA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fish fed the diet supplemented with 50.00\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      NA exhibited the highest values of red blood cells, white blood cells, haemoglobin and haematocrit of 1.64\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.01\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                      <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0mm\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 5.54\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.21\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0mm\n                      <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 8.73\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.24\u00a0g\u00a0dL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 46.67%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.88%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those fed the basal diet (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). The lowest and highest percentages of lymphocytes (67.67%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.33%) and neutrophils (27.33%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.20%) were also obtained in fish fed 50.00\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      NA compared to those fed the basal diet (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a00.05). Fish receiving diet supplemented with 50.00\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      NA revealed the highest serum activity in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, lysozyme and alternative complement and the lowest level of total cholesterol, cortisol, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase than fish receiving the basal diet (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a00.05). Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) and ACH50 contents significantly increased with increasing dietary NA supplementation to the highest values of 43.17\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.46 and 293.33\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.03\u00a0U\u00a0mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively, in fish fed diet supplemented with 50\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      NA (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a00.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Supplementation of NA in rainbow trout diet at 50\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      exhibited a positive effect on haematological parameters, antioxidant capacity and immune responses. Administration of such dosage can enhance rainbow trout immune responses against unfavourable or stressful conditions, for example disease outbreaks, hypoxic condition, thermal stress and sudden osmotic fluctuations, which usually happen in an intensive culture system.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T13:23:41Z","timestamp":1713792221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of dietary nanoliposome\u2010coated astaxanthin on haematological parameters, immune responses and the antioxidant status of rainbow trout (\n                    <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mojdeh","family":"Besharat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4654-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houman Rajabi","family":"Islami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5367-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Soltani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, School of Veterinary and Life Science Murdoch University  Murdoch Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6177-9650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Abdolmajid","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Varamin\u2010Pishva Branch Islamic Azad University  Varamin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10236244.2019.1661779"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167698"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1444\u20102906.2000.00170.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.12215"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567\u2010018\u20100620\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synbio.2022.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109689"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15378"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.275"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13749\u2010013\u20100051\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417186-2.00002-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2021.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c00173"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.13093"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102761.1995.tb00308.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12565"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2016.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"399","volume-title":"Food colorants, chemical and functional properties","author":"Dufoss\u00e9 L.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Techniques in fish immunology","author":"Ellis A. 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