{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T07:53:03Z","timestamp":1777535583144,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31960102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31960102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic> is a genus of ubiquitous biting midges (Ceratopogonidae). Female midges have blood\u2010sucking habit. They not only bite and harass humans and animals but also may be an important vector of disease transmission. Therefore, building an animal allergy model caused by <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic> biting is very beneficial for studying its pathogenesis and exploring the therapeutic methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Kunming mice were used in this study to build the model and sensitised by two\u2010step injection of midge extracts. Scratching behaviour and histological examination were used to check the immediate and delayed responses. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) were detected using indirect enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. Splenic cell proliferation and cytokine production were determined using 3\u2010(4, 5\u2010dimethylthiazol\u20102\u2010yl)\u20102, 5\u2010diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and ELISA assays. The response of cytokine gene expression to midge stimulation was analysed through quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Behavioural results revealed a significant increase in scratching frequency among the midge\u2010sensitised animals (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Histological examination showed more inflammatory cytokine infiltration at the injection site of midge\u2010sensitised mice comparing to the ones in the control group. The serum levels of IgE and IgG1 antibodies in the midge\u2010sensitised group were significantly elevated (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). After splenocytes were stimulated in vitro with midge extracts, the midge\u2010sensitised group's splenocyte count significantly increased in comparison to the control group. The midge\u2010sensitised group's qPCR data revealed a down\u2010regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1) expression and an increase in the expression of interleukin (IL)\u20104, IL\u20105, IL\u201010 and IL\u201013 but not in the control group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, an animal model of <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\u2013mouse sensitisation was successfully constructed using a two\u2010step method. The mode of administration of the model was in good agreement with the natural immune pathway, and the immune response induced by the sensitisation of the model was similar to that produced by the bite of a midge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T06:55:33Z","timestamp":1714028133000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Establishment of a mouse allergy model for <i>Culicoides<\/i> (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shuncai","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology School of Preclinical Medical of Zunyi Medical University  Zunyi Guizhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology School of Preclinical Medical of Zunyi Medical University  Zunyi Guizhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology School of Preclinical Medical of Zunyi Medical University  Zunyi Guizhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4225-070X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology School of Preclinical Medical of Zunyi Medical University  Zunyi Guizhou China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.05.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155454"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000210382"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2020.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2023.15.2.246"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1001-5_2"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","first-page":"557","article-title":"The preventive effect of Apocynum venetum polyphenols on D\u2010galactose\u2010induced oxidative stress in mice","volume":"19","author":"Guo H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000106459"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13096"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Kiwifruit defense protein, kiwellin (Act d 5) percutaneously sensitizes mouse models through the epidermal application of crude kiwifruit extract","volume":"15","author":"Kinugasa S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food & Nutrition Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2007.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091871"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12832"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2935-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13152504"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2000.0434"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2020.100099"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100385"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040376"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7110379"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05370-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04552-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3432-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","volume-title":"Ceratopogonidae of China (Insecta, Diptera)","author":"Yu Y. 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