{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:47:29Z","timestamp":1790110049940,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,16]],"date-time":"2024-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using anaesthetics is an important application in aquaculture especially where the fish transportation, vaccination, grading, sorting activities and many other handling operations have been conducted during the different stages of production periods in the farms or hatcheries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of oregano essential oil (OO) as an anaesthetic for Nile tilapia and to determine the optimal concentration and post\u2010application stress effects compared to clove oil (CO).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nile tilapia juveniles were exposed to different concentrations of OO (20\u201340\u201360\u201380\u2013100\u00a0mg\u00a0L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and CO (50\u00a0mg\u00a0L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) for different time periods to determine the optimal concentration and exposure time. After the effective concentration of OO was determined, in the second experiment, stress parameters (glucose, plasma cortisol) were analysed after 0, 2, 6, 12 and 24\u00a0h of application. The results compared to the control group and CO results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study found that OO which has carvacrol compound higher than 78% was an efficient anaesthetic for Nile tilapia, and the effective concentration was found to be 60\u00a0mg\u00a0L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      . No significant differences were found between opercular beats in any concentration of OO and CO. Basal glucose level in blood without anaesthesia application and recorded at 39.33\u00a0mg\u00a0dL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      and significantly lower than OO and CO at first two sampling points, 0 and 2\u00a0h (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). According to plasma cortisol level results, although CO experimental group showed secondary stress response at 12\u00a0h (17.91\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.21\u00a0ng\u00a0mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), OO and CO group cortisol levels decreased at 24\u00a0h after anaesthesia application 7.13\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.14and 7.01\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.54\u00a0ng\u00a0mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively, below the control group cortisol concentration (12.28\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.81\u00a0ng\u00a0mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings have important implications for the aquaculture industry as the use of OO as an anaesthetic could reduce the stress and mortality associated with traditional anaesthetics. Further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of OO as an anaesthetic agent for other fish species and to determine the optimal concentration and exposure time for different species.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,16]],"date-time":"2024-06-16T13:23:06Z","timestamp":1718544186000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effective concentration of herbal anaesthetics\n                    <i>Origanum vulgare<\/i>\n                    L. oil and its effects on stress parameters in Nile tilapia (\n                    <i>Oreochromis niloticus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5549-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00fcrker","family":"Bodur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture Faculty of Fisheries Akdeniz University  Antalya T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Marine Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Airlangga  Surabaya Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0207-7063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ika Shaliha","family":"Oktavia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Airlangga  Surabaya Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8599-2704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laksmi","family":"Sulmartiwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Airlangga  Surabaya Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20950\/1678-2305.2019.45.4.506"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2013.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1982-0224-20170128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2004.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeas.2006.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439\u20100426.2002.00410.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00005481"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.09.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.03.013"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"Efficacy of synthetic eugenol as an anesthetic for Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linn.)","volume":"43","author":"Charoendat U.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agriculture and Natural Resources"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2010.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22458\/urj.v8i1.1617"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/zeb.2009.0640"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695\u2010011\u20109568\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2006.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"European Commission. 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