{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T23:08:18Z","timestamp":1793660898743,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]],"date-time":"2019-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in smallholder farms in seven regions in Pakistan, identify herd and individual level risk factors for seropositivity and assess the level of engagement of farmers with risk factors. In total, 1063 cattle and buffalo belonging to 420 herds in seven districts were sampled. The Rose Bengal test (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RBT<\/jats:styled-content>), indirect enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (I\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>) and competitive enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (C\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>) were used for the serological diagnosis of bovine brucellosis on all the serum samples. The associations between herd\u2010and animal\u2010level risk factors and seropositivity were investigated using logistic regression analyses. In addition, herd management practice scores, created to quantify the number of management practices undertaken that pose a risk for <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> transmission, were calculated and compared between seropositive and negative herds within each district. Overall herd and animal prevalence were estimated to be 16.2% (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>, 13\u201320%) and 8.7% (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>, 7.2\u201310.6%), respectively, across all districts sampled. Herds with a history of last trimester abortion were found to be more likely to be positive than herds without such history (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.06, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>, 1.09\u20133.89), providing validation of our findings and identifying that clinical disease is occurring in this region. It was also identified that herds with five to eight buffalo (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a03.80, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>, 1.69\u20138.49), and those with more than eight buffalo (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a03.81, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>, 1.51\u20139.58) were more likely to be positive for <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> than those with less (one to two and three to four) buffaloes present in the herd. The presence of other domestic animals at the farm and purchasing animals in last year were found to have no association with seropositivity. The findings of this study support the need for the development of targeted intervention strategies specific to the disease status of each district.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]],"date-time":"2019-04-08T11:10:38Z","timestamp":1554721838000},"page":"390-401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Bovine brucellosis in Pakistan; an analysis of engagement with risk factors in smallholder farmer settings"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1103-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shumaila","family":"Arif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Camden New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Hernandez\u2010Jover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"McGill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"AVCCR Dairy\u2010Beef Project University of Veterinary &amp; Animal Sciences Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan M.","family":"Warriach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AVCCR Dairy\u2010Beef Project University of Veterinary &amp; Animal Sciences Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khizar","family":"Hayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AVCCR Dairy\u2010Beef Project University of Veterinary &amp; Animal Sciences Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"Re\u2010designing smallholder dairy production in Pakistan","volume":"30","author":"Afzal M","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1151-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/2017.49.3.sc5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12980\/apjtd.7.2017D6-353"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-013-0448-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2394-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume-title":"Laboratory Techniques in Brucellosis","author":"Alton G.G.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2005.6.3.223"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"e108673","article-title":"A Case\u2010control study of risk factors for bovine brucellosis seropositivity in peninsular Malaysia","volume":"9","author":"Anka M.S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Library of Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173365"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"ASLP dairy project(2010\u201315)Australia Pakistan agriculture sector linkages program phase 2."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.274"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-008-9184-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1998.9694845"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083175"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2004.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Climate change perspective in Pakistan","volume":"2","author":"Farooqi A.B.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Meteorology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-009-9382-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1574891X11308010003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"The Merck Veterinary Manual","author":"Kahn C.M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"KhanA.G. 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