{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T02:45:18Z","timestamp":1781837118274,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007204","name":"Centre de Coop\u00e9ration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D\u00e9veloppement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CC#4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CC#4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007204","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Zambia, anthrax has emerged as a serious disease decimating humans, livestock and wildlife with devastating effects on eco\u2010tourism resulting in the destabilization of major pristine wildlife sanctuaries. Consequently, the thrust of this study was to establish the spatial distribution of anthrax and determine ecological drivers of its recurrence, maintenance and epidemiological linkage to anthropogenic activities. Environmental and biological samples were collected within the livestock production and conservation areas (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a080). Each sample was serially tested for <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic> positivity through blood agar culture and Gram stain technique, and then confirmation by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MPCR<\/jats:styled-content>). Questionnaires (<jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0113) were conducted at independently distinct villages in terms of space and time. Most respondents showed that animals that died from anthrax were not properly disposed off. More likely than not, poverty being the main driver for anthrax carcass dressing and meat distribution contributed to environmental contamination with anthrax spores in areas where the animals subsequently died resulting in further environmental contamination, which is the major source of primary infection for livestock and wildlife. From the samples, 15 pure isolates of anthrax were obtained which were spatially distributed across four districts. Twelve, biologically plausible variables were found to be highly significant on multivariable logistic regression analysis model for questionnaires which included herd size (odds\u00a0=\u00a010.46; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.005; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 8.8\u201316), carcass disposal method (odds\u00a0=\u00a06.9; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a03.4\u20139.8), access to veterinary services (odds\u00a0=\u00a010.87; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a04.8\u201315.9) and management system (odds\u00a0=\u00a02.57; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.3\u20137.5). In summary, the majority (78.7%) of anthrax outbreaks were observed in areas with low veterinary services (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a08.6162, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.013) within the newly created districts of Nalolo, Mwandi and Luampa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T13:57:49Z","timestamp":1553781469000},"page":"419-427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Risk mapping and eco\u2010anthropogenic assessment of anthrax in the upper Zambezi basin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3316-7611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harvey K.","family":"Kamboyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control School of Veterinary Medicine The University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"de Garine\u2010Wichatitsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre International de Recherche Agricole pour le D\u00e9velopement UPR AGIRs Montpellier France"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences RP\u2010PCP University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mudenda B.","family":"Hang'ombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Para Clinical Studies School of Veterinary Medicine The University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musso","family":"Munyeme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control School of Veterinary Medicine The University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"The ecology of anthrax in Kruger National Park, South Africa","volume":"68","author":"Vos V.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Salisbury"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.97.14.256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"IUCN. (2003).Barotse Floodplain Zambia: Local Economic Dependence on Wetland Resources. Case studies in wetland valuation #2. Available at:http:\/\/www.cbd.int\/doc\/case-studies\/inc\/cs-inc-iucn-12-en.pdf(Accessed 12 February 2015)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2012.13.3.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/cr021001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"OIE. (2012).Terrestrial Manual section 2.1.1: Version adopted by the World Assembly of Delegates of the OIE in May 2012 1\u20132 4."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"53","volume-title":"A Study of the Epidemiology and Socio\u2010economic Impact of Anthrax in Luangwa Valley in Zambia","author":"Siamudaala V.M.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in cattle and humans in Zambia","volume":"54","author":"Siamudaala V.M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"359","volume-title":"A Hand book of Diagnosis, Therapy, and Disease Prevention and Control for the Veterinarian","author":"The Merck Veterinary Manual","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"The Merck Veterinary Manual. 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