{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T16:14:37Z","timestamp":1764260077032,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000098","name":"NIH Clinical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T35OD010432\u201014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T35OD010432\u201014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine &amp;amp; Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a methylxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor that is used as a hemorrheologic and anti\u2010inflammatory agent in veterinary and human medicine. In human studies, PTX has been shown to decrease T\u2010cell production of cytokines such as IL\u20102 and IFN\u2010\u03b3. A RT\u2010qPCR assay to measure activated T\u2010cell gene expression of IL\u20102 and IFN\u2010\u03b3 has been validated in dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The goal of this study was to utilize this assay to investigate the effects of PTX on in vitro cytokine gene expression in canine whole blood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Whole blood from seven healthy dogs was collected and incubated with various concentrations of PTX for 1 hr before activation. PTX concentrations spanned and exceeded blood concentrations achieved when administered at clinically relevant dosages (1, 2, 10, 50 and 200 \u03bcg\/ml). Cyclosporine was used at a concentration of 500 ng\/ml as a positive control. All blood samples, including untreated activated baseline samples, were then activated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin for 5 hrs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analysis of activated whole blood by RT\u2010qPCR revealed that there was not a significant suppression of IL\u20102 or IFN\u2010\u03b3 gene expression at any concentration of PTX when evaluating \u0394Ct values. All samples exposed to cyclosporine showed significant changes from untreated activated baseline samples, demonstrating marked suppression as the positive control. Cytokine expression, presented as a percentage of untreated activated baseline samples, was also evaluated. After exposure to the highest concentration of PTX (200 \u03bcg\/ml), median percentage cytokine expression was suppressed to just below 50% of baseline values. This concentration, however, is much higher than blood concentrations reported to be achieved at standardly used pentoxifylline doses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>PTX does not appear to significantly suppress T\u2010cell cytokine production in samples from most dogs at clinically relevant drug concentrations. Further testing is needed to establish the full effects of PTX on the immune system in dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T01:14:03Z","timestamp":1571274843000},"page":"19-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of pentoxifylline on whole blood IL\u20102 and IFN\u2010gamma gene expression in normal dogs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Evangel","family":"Kummari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State MS USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State MS 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Clinical Sciences Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State MS USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State MS USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8465-0198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Mackin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State MS USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2395-0810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Mississippi State University College of 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